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Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics is involved in an organism's ability to respond to changes in the environment?
Which of the following characteristics is involved in an organism's ability to respond to changes in the environment?
What process do organisms use to produce energy from glucose?
What process do organisms use to produce energy from glucose?
Which characteristic of living organisms involves the removal of unwanted waste products?
Which characteristic of living organisms involves the removal of unwanted waste products?
What is the role of nutrition in living organisms?
What is the role of nutrition in living organisms?
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Which characteristic refers to the ability of organisms to increase in size and complexity?
Which characteristic refers to the ability of organisms to increase in size and complexity?
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Which of the following roles do bacteria play in biotechnology?
Which of the following roles do bacteria play in biotechnology?
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What is a significant contribution of microorganisms to the carbon cycle?
What is a significant contribution of microorganisms to the carbon cycle?
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Which characteristic distinguishes the bacteria discussed from eukaryotic cells?
Which characteristic distinguishes the bacteria discussed from eukaryotic cells?
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How do some bacteria assist in sewage treatment?
How do some bacteria assist in sewage treatment?
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What type of substances do some bacteria feed on?
What type of substances do some bacteria feed on?
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What is an essential function of insulin produced via biotechnology?
What is an essential function of insulin produced via biotechnology?
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Which feature is not associated with bacteria?
Which feature is not associated with bacteria?
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What distinguishes Chlamydomonas from other microorganisms mentioned?
What distinguishes Chlamydomonas from other microorganisms mentioned?
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Which process is primarily involved in maintaining a stable internal environment within living organisms?
Which process is primarily involved in maintaining a stable internal environment within living organisms?
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Which of the following best describes biotechnology?
Which of the following best describes biotechnology?
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What is one way in which homeostasis is disrupted in living organisms?
What is one way in which homeostasis is disrupted in living organisms?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical application of biotechnology?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of biotechnology?
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In which system does the process of homeostasis play a critical role?
In which system does the process of homeostasis play a critical role?
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Which of the following contributions does biotechnology make to agriculture?
Which of the following contributions does biotechnology make to agriculture?
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What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates temperature as part of homeostasis?
What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates temperature as part of homeostasis?
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How does biotechnology utilize genetic engineering in medicine?
How does biotechnology utilize genetic engineering in medicine?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- The book is for Cambridge International Examinations IGCSE Biology (0610)
- It can also be used with the Cambridge 'O' level Biology syllabus (5090)
- The book is divided into Core and Supplement (Supplement marked with 'S' and brown bars)
- Core students do Papers 1, 3 and either 5 or 6. They can get a maximum of a Grade C
- Supplement students do Papers 2, 4 and either 5 or 6. They can get a maximum of a Grade A*
- The CD-ROM has revision checklists and interactive multi-choice questions
- There is a practical Workbook to help develop practical skills
- There are activities to help develop practical skills, marked with a symbol.
- There are 2 practical papers, Paper 5 and Paper 6
- The book has several sets of Questions and longer questions at the end of each chapter to test understanding
Acknowledgements
- The book includes acknowledgments for images, individuals, and organizations.
Contents
- The book has a detailed table of contents listing each chapter and the pages they are on.
- Topics include classification, cells, animal and plant nutrition, transport, pathogens and immunity, respiration, gas exchange and excretion, coordination, reproduction and genetics.
- The book covers the whole syllabus topics in detail
- Each chapter contains summaries for quick review of the main material
Classification
- Living organisms are classified into 7 kingdoms: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protoctista, Prokaryotes
- Characteristics of living things include growth, movement, sensitivity, excretion, reproduction, nutrition, respiration
- Classification systems use binomial names - genus and species names, both written in italics
- Dichotomous keys help identify organisms by asking questions with only two choices
- The platypus is an example of an animal difficult to classify because it has characteristics of different groups (mammal, bird, fish)
- Modern classification relies heavily on DNA sequences to understand evolutionary relationships
Cells
- Cells are the basic units of life; all organisms are made up of cells
- Different kinds of cells vary in specialized structures
- Microscope types, like light and electron microscopes are essential for studying and observing cell parts
- Cells are made up of various organelles with distinct roles (mitochondria, ribosomes, and nucleus)
- Plant and animal cells have different structures (cell wall, vacuole)
- Cells have membranes that control movement of substances into and out of the cell (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport)
- Organisms are made of an ordered arrangement of cells in tissues, which make up organs and organ systems.
Movement in and out of cells
- Diffusion involves the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.
- Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute) to an area of low water potential (high solute)
- Factors like temperature can affect the rate of diffusion (and thus osmosis)
- Active transport moves molecules across membranes against a concentration gradient, with energy input
The chemicals of life
- Living organisms are made from a multitude of different chemicals, including carbohydrates, fats ('lipids'), proteins, and water.
- Water is an essential solvent
- All organisms need carbohydrates, fats and proteins for various functions
- Carbohydrates provide energy
- Fats store large amounts of energy and provide insulation
- Proteins have many roles, including building materials, enzymes, and hormones
- DNA is the genetic material and its structure determines the characteristics of an organism.
- Tests can be used to identify these chemicals in different foods: Benedict's, iodine and biuret tests
Enzymes
- Enzymes are biological catalysts accelerating different chemical reactions in living organisms.
- Enzymes are proteins and are affected by factors as temperature and pH (optimum).
- Enzyme activity can be measured by timing the completion of a particular reaction
- Enzymes, having a specific active site, enable chemical reactions or their breakdown
- Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH. High temperatures and extreme pH levels will denature the enzymes
- Enzymes are essential to living organisms
Plant nutrition
- Photosynthesis is the process used by plants to produce glucose.
- Chlorophyll in chloroplasts captures light energy.
- Factors affecting photosynthesis include temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, water availability, and nutrient availability
- Plants use carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis for energy, growth, and survival
- Leaves are specialized in absorbing the sunlight for photosynthesis.
- Leaves contain layers or cells like the epidermis that have thin cell walls, stomata and chloroplasts.
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Description
This quiz explores key characteristics of living organisms, their ability to respond to environmental changes, and the processes they use for energy production and waste removal. It also discusses the role of bacteria in biotechnology and the carbon cycle. Test your knowledge on the fundamental aspects of biology and microbial contributions.
