Podcast
Questions and Answers
Primary lysosomes are formed by budding of ______ from the trans-Golgi network.
Primary lysosomes are formed by budding of ______ from the trans-Golgi network.
vesicles
Primary lysosomes are filled with ______ enzymes.
Primary lysosomes are filled with ______ enzymes.
hydrolase
The Golgi apparatus is named after its inventor, the Italian ______ Camillo Golgi.
The Golgi apparatus is named after its inventor, the Italian ______ Camillo Golgi.
histologist
Mitochondria create and store energy in the form of ______.
Mitochondria create and store energy in the form of ______.
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The inner mitochondrial membrane has folds called ______, which greatly increase its surface area.
The inner mitochondrial membrane has folds called ______, which greatly increase its surface area.
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The matrix of a mitochondrion contains numerous enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and RNA, as well as ______.
The matrix of a mitochondrion contains numerous enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and RNA, as well as ______.
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The ______ is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
The ______ is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
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A primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is ______ synthesis.
A primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is ______ synthesis.
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The surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane is lined with many multimeric protein complexes known as ______.
The surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane is lined with many multimeric protein complexes known as ______.
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The ______ is well developed in the liver cells.
The ______ is well developed in the liver cells.
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Mitochondrial DNA is ______ shaped.
Mitochondrial DNA is ______ shaped.
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells is known as the ______.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells is known as the ______.
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The Golgi apparatus consists of 6-8 ______ that do not communicate with each other.
The Golgi apparatus consists of 6-8 ______ that do not communicate with each other.
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The cis face of the Golgi apparatus faces the ______.
The cis face of the Golgi apparatus faces the ______.
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A primary function of the Golgi apparatus is ______ of proteins and lipids.
A primary function of the Golgi apparatus is ______ of proteins and lipids.
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______ secretion is characteristic of goblet cells, where secretory vesicles are directed directly to the plasma membrane.
______ secretion is characteristic of goblet cells, where secretory vesicles are directed directly to the plasma membrane.
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Mitochondria are believed to originate from some ______ bacteria.
Mitochondria are believed to originate from some ______ bacteria.
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The ______ DNA is inherited only from the mother.
The ______ DNA is inherited only from the mother.
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to ______ due to the presence of the protein cardiolipin.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to ______ due to the presence of the protein cardiolipin.
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During cell division, each daughter cell receives ______ of the number of mitochondria.
During cell division, each daughter cell receives ______ of the number of mitochondria.
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Mitochondrial defects can be caused by mutations in ______ DNA or mitochondrial DNA.
Mitochondrial defects can be caused by mutations in ______ DNA or mitochondrial DNA.
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Lysosomes are ______ surrounded by their own membrane.
Lysosomes are ______ surrounded by their own membrane.
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Lysosomes contain ______ enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion.
Lysosomes contain ______ enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion.
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Primary lysosomes are ______ lysosomes.
Primary lysosomes are ______ lysosomes.
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The synthesis of ribosomes occurs in the ______.
The synthesis of ribosomes occurs in the ______.
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The small subunit of ribosomes serves to decode the genetic message of ______.
The small subunit of ribosomes serves to decode the genetic message of ______.
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The large subunit of ribosomes acts as a catalyst for the formation of ______ bonds.
The large subunit of ribosomes acts as a catalyst for the formation of ______ bonds.
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Free ribosomes are also known as ______.
Free ribosomes are also known as ______.
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Membrane-bound ribosomes are primarily found on the surface of the rough ______.
Membrane-bound ribosomes are primarily found on the surface of the rough ______.
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Polyribosomes consist of multiple ribosomes interconnected with an ______ chain.
Polyribosomes consist of multiple ribosomes interconnected with an ______ chain.
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The presence of ______ in ribosomes gives them an affinity for basic dyes.
The presence of ______ in ribosomes gives them an affinity for basic dyes.
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The primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is ______ synthesis.
The primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is ______ synthesis.
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Primary lysosomes are involved in the process of ______ digestion.
Primary lysosomes are involved in the process of ______ digestion.
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Secondary lysosomes, also known as ______, are involved in the digestion of substrates that enter the cell from the outside.
Secondary lysosomes, also known as ______, are involved in the digestion of substrates that enter the cell from the outside.
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______ refers to the digestion of material that enters the cell from outside sources.
______ refers to the digestion of material that enters the cell from outside sources.
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Tertiary lysosomes are also known as ______ bodies.
Tertiary lysosomes are also known as ______ bodies.
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Accumulation of residual bodies in cells can form a pigment known as ______.
Accumulation of residual bodies in cells can form a pigment known as ______.
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Lysosomes can be visualized using ______ microscopy, which shows their characteristic high electron density.
Lysosomes can be visualized using ______ microscopy, which shows their characteristic high electron density.
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Cells in the renal tubule actively ingest proteins through a process called ______.
Cells in the renal tubule actively ingest proteins through a process called ______.
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Heterolysosomes exhibit ______ electron density compared to primary lysosomes during digestion.
Heterolysosomes exhibit ______ electron density compared to primary lysosomes during digestion.
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Peroxisomes are membrane organelles similar to ______.
Peroxisomes are membrane organelles similar to ______.
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Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes for ______ of fatty acids.
Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes for ______ of fatty acids.
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Catalases are ______ that break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Catalases are ______ that break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
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Inclusions are cell products deposited in the ______.
Inclusions are cell products deposited in the ______.
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Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is stored in the ______ of cells with pronounced metabolic activity.
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is stored in the ______ of cells with pronounced metabolic activity.
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Glycogen in hepatocytes is lost with routine staining methods, leaving ______ areas in its place.
Glycogen in hepatocytes is lost with routine staining methods, leaving ______ areas in its place.
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______ fat droplets consist of triglycerides and cholesterol.
______ fat droplets consist of triglycerides and cholesterol.
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Peroxisomes, like mitochondria, have the ability to grow and replicate by ______.
Peroxisomes, like mitochondria, have the ability to grow and replicate by ______.
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Study Notes
Cell Morphology
- This presentation covers cell structure and morphology, focusing on various cellular components.
Cytoplasm
- Cytoplasm is a liquid medium within cells, distinct from gaseous, liquid, or solid states.
- Its components are critical to cellular function.
Cytoplasm Structure
- Cytosol : liquid component of cytoplasm.
- Cell organelles : membrane-bound structures with specific functions.
- Cellular inclusions : non-membrane-bound, often storage products.
- Cytoskeleton : protein filaments maintaining shape and supporting movement.
Cytoplasm Topographic Regions
- Cortex : outer layer of the cytoplasm adjacent to the cell membrane.
- Cytocenter, centrosome : area containing centrioles, essential for cell division.
- Endoplasma : innermost region surrounding the nucleus.
Cytosol Composition
- Composed primarily of water (H₂O), amino acids, proteins, enzymes, nucleotides (RNA, DNA), glucose, ATP, and ions.
- Represents a significant proportion (64%) of the total cell volume (in the particular specimen/cell shown).
- Various components, such as mitochondria (1.7%), vacuoles (5.8%), and others, contribute to the composition.
Cell Organelles
- Membrane-bound structures with specific functions within the cell.
- Examples include mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
- These are distinguished by their functions, structure and location within the cell.
Non-Membranous Organelles
- Ribosomes : Involved in protein synthesis; present in both free and bound forms.
- Centrioles : Involved in cell division.
- Ribosomes characteristics:
- Small subunit – one rRNA molecule and 33 different proteins. Sedimentation coefficient: 40S.
- Large subunit – three rRNA molecules and 40 different proteins. Sedimentation coefficient: 60S.
Ribosomes Synthesis
- Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus from rRNA and proteins, then transported to the cytoplasm.
- Polypeptide chains – found in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomal subunits – found in the nucleus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- A complex membrane network with flattened sacs and tubes (cisternae).
- Two main types:
- Rough ER (rER): studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
- Smooth ER (sER): lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.
- The rER and sER are connected, with sER serving to process and transport molecules that the rER produced.
Golgi Apparatus
- Network of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
- Functions include modification of proteins, packaging of proteins, protein sorting, and cell membrane renewal.
Lysosomes
- Membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion.
- Function in breaking down materials, such as cellular debris, bacteria, and worn-out organelles.
- Can be categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary types which differ in function.
- Primary lysosomes are inactive—secondary lysosomes are active; tertiary lysosomes are for residual waste products
Peroxisomes
- Membrane-bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes (e.g., catalases) for various metabolic processes, particularly breaking down fatty acids.
- Responsible for protecting the cell from harmful byproducts such as hydrogen peroxide.
Cellular Inclusions
- Substances or structures within the cytoplasm that aren't cell organelles (glycogen, fat droplets, pigments).
- Glycogen: stored polysaccharide in cells with high metabolic activity.
- Fat droplets: stored triglycerides/cholesterol in adipocytes (fat cells).
- Pigments: colored substances (e.g., melanin) with various functions.
- Other inclusions might include hemoglobin, myoglobin or other specific cell types.
Mitochondria
- Organelles responsible for cellular energy production (ATP synthesis).
- Have their own DNA and ribosomes (suggesting an evolutionary origin from bacteria).
- Two membranes: inner (cristae) and outer membranes, which play a role in energy production.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell biology concepts, focusing on lysosomes, mitochondria, and organelle functions. This quiz covers key details about cellular structures and their roles in metabolism and synthesis. Perfect for students studying cell biology at any level.
