Biology Chapter on Cell Membrane Transport
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of passive transport?

  • It involves the movement of substances down a concentration gradient. (correct)
  • It always involves ion channels only.
  • It occurs only in solid substances.
  • It requires energy to move substances.

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?

  • Extent of the concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Shape of the molecules (correct)
  • Mass of the molecules diffusing

In which process do molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without energy investment?

  • Facilitated diffusion (correct)
  • Active transport
  • Exocytosis
  • Endocytosis

Which of the following describes osmosis?

<p>Movement of solvent molecules from low solute concentration to high solute concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of simple diffusion?

<p>Spaying perfume in a room. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

<p>Main fabric of the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cholesterol molecules play in the plasma membrane?

<p>Insulating the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are responsible for transporting molecules across the plasma membrane?

<p>Transport proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the plasma membrane is crucial for recognizing foreign and self tissues?

<p>Carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cytoskeleton contributes primarily to which aspect of the cell?

<p>Structural support and shape maintenance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do membrane proteins assist in the movement of ions and molecules?

<p>By offering hydrophilic channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about proteins in the plasma membrane is false?

<p>They are solely responsible for cell insulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?

<p>Identifying cells for recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osmosis?

<p>The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires energy to move substances across a membrane?

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes phagocytosis?

<p>The engulfing of large particles or cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does receptor-mediated endocytosis primarily function?

<p>By using specific receptors to capture and internalize substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of active transport processes in a cell?

<p>Solutes moving from areas of low to high concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bulk transport primarily responsible for?

<p>The movement of large particles or volumes of materials into or out of cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of homeostasis, what does osmotic balance refer to?

<p>The regulation of water and salt concentrations in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of ATP after it is used for active transport?

<p>ADP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a transport protein in the cell membrane?

<p>To help move substances across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycoproteins play in the plasma membrane?

<p>They regulate membrane stability and permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the phospholipid bilayer?

<p>It is essential for forming the structure of the plasma membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are transmembrane proteins?

<p>Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core and span the entire membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the existence of the plasma membrane discovered?

<p>1890s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a structural component of the plasma membrane?

<p>Phospholipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of globular proteins in the cell membrane?

<p>They can function as enzymes, receptors, and transporters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tonicity refers to what aspect of cellular function?

<p>The effect of surrounding solution on cell volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a protein built into the membrane have when it acts as an enzyme?

<p>It catalyzes chemical reactions on the membrane's surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of membrane proteins acting as receptors?

<p>To bind signaling molecules like hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do some membrane proteins contribute to cell structure?

<p>They help maintain the cell's shape and stabilize the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of membrane proteins that form junctions between cells?

<p>To maintain tissue structure and communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common feature do receptor proteins and enzyme proteins share?

<p>Both are involved in signal transduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the plasma membrane is essential for maintaining cell shape and stability?

<p>Cytoskeleton connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes membranous systems in cells?

<p>They facilitate selective transport and communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the binding of a chemical messenger to a membrane protein typically trigger?

<p>A cascade of intracellular signaling events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transport Protein

A type of protein embedded in the cell membrane that facilitates the movement of substances across the membrane.

Glycoprotein

A type of protein with carbohydrate molecules attached, essential for cell membrane fluidity and stability.

Globular Protein

Globular proteins embedded in the cell membrane, playing diverse roles in cellular processes.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids forming the structural foundation of the cell membrane.

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Passive Transport

The process by which substances move across cell membranes without requiring energy.

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Active Transport

The process by which substances move across cell membranes with the expenditure of energy, usually by proteins.

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Tonicity

The concentration of solutes in a solution compared to another solution, influencing the movement of water.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Phospholipid

A type of lipid that forms the main structural component of the cell membrane. It has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, creating a bilayer structure.

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Cholesterol

A steroid molecule that helps to maintain the fluidity and stability of the membrane. It reduces permeability to water-soluble substances.

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Membrane Proteins

These proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and play crucial roles in transport, recognition, and communication.

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Membrane Carbohydrates

Short carbohydrate chains attached to the membrane's exterior that are involved in cell recognition and signaling.

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Transmembrane Protein

A protein that spans the entire cell membrane, creating a hydrophilic channel for the passage of water-soluble molecules.

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Carrier Proteins

Proteins that bind to specific molecules and transport them across the membrane. They are selective and change shape to facilitate transport.

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Channel Proteins

Proteins that form channels through the membrane, allowing the passage of specific ions or small molecules.

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Receptor Proteins

Proteins that recognize and bind to specific molecules, initiating a response inside the cell.

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Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute, like water, which is a common solvent.

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Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane.

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Concentration Gradient

The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport where molecules move from high concentration to low concentration using membrane proteins.

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Primary Active Transport

A type of active transport that uses energy from ATP to pump substances across the membrane against their concentration gradients.

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Secondary Active Transport

A type of active transport that indirectly uses energy by coupling the movement of one substance down its concentration gradient to the movement of another substance up its concentration gradient.

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Simple Diffusion

A type of passive transport where substances move across the membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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Primary Transport

A type of active transport where the energy source is directly from ATP hydrolysis. The pump protein binds to the substance and ATP, leading to phosphorylation and conformational changes, facilitating movement across the membrane.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which cells engulf large particles or microorganisms from the environment. The cell membrane extends outwards, forming a vesicle that encloses the particle and brings it inside.

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Pinocytosis

The process by which cells take in small particles or dissolved substances from the environment. The cell membrane folds inwards, creating a vesicle that brings the substance inside.

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Exocytosis

A process of bulk transport where substances exit the cell after being enclosed in a vesicle. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, releasing its contents to the outside. It's used to move large molecules out of the cell.

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Study Notes

Introduction to the Cell Membrane

  • The cell membrane is a crucial component of animal cells
  • It regulates what enters and leaves the cell
  • The cell membrane is selectively permeable
  • It is made of a phospholipid bilayer
  • It has various proteins embedded in it

Cell Membrane Components

  • Phospholipids: The primary component, forming the membrane's basic structure
  • Cholesterol: Contributes to membrane fluidity and stability
  • Proteins: Transport substances, act as enzymes, receptors for signaling molecules, and facilitate cell-cell interactions
  • Carbohydrates: Attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids); involved in cell recognition

Functions of Membrane Proteins

  • Transport: Allow movement of substances across the cell membrane
  • Enzymes: Catalyze chemical reactions
  • Signal transduction: Receive and transmit signals
  • Cell-cell recognition: Identify cells and facilitate interactions
  • Intercellular joining: Connect cells
  • Attachment to the cytoskeleton/ECM: Connect to the cytoskeleton and ECM, aiding in cell support

Passive Transport: Osmosis

  • Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
  • The movement is down the concentration gradient; water moves from regions of higher water concentration to regions of lower water concentration
  • No energy input is required for osmosis.

Passive Transport: Diffusion

  • The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
  • Diffusion readily occurs in gas or liquid phases
  • No energy input is required for simple diffusion.

Facilitated Diffusion

  • The movement of a substance through a protein channel from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
  • Facilitated diffusion does not require energy input
  • Larger or charged molecules/ions, unable to pass through the lipid bilayer on their own, can cross with the assistance of protein channels or carriers

Active Transport

  • Movement of substances from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.
  • Energy input is required.
  • This is usually performed by carrier proteins actively involved in moving molecules.

Bulk and Vesicular Transport

  • The movement of large molecules across a plasma membrane, using transport vesicles to move materials for uptake or secretion
  • Endocytosis: Uptake of materials into the cell
  • Exocytosis: Secretion of materials from the cell

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

  • Three types of endocytosis, differing in what they take in and how.

Factors That Affect Diffusion

  • Concentration gradient

  • Mass of the molecule

  • Temperature

  • Solvent density

  • Solubility

  • Additional notes:*

  • The video presents information from a simplified, educational perspective.

  • The structures of proteins and phospholipids are not depicted in detail.

  • The learning objectives provided are relevant to the topics covered

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Related Documents

GENBIO1 2Q Week 1 Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the processes of passive transport and osmosis in cell membranes. This quiz covers key concepts such as diffusion, the role of phospholipids, and membrane proteins. Understand the intricate workings of how substances move across the plasma membrane without energy investment.

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