Biology Chapter: DNA and Proteins
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Questions and Answers

What is a karyotype?

  • An ordered representation of chromosomes (correct)
  • A type of protein
  • A single strand of RNA
  • A structure formed from DNA

    • Humans have 46 chromosomes organized in 23 pairs.

    True

    What is the role of amino acids in protein synthesis?

    Amino acids combine to form proteins.

    DNA is a _______ strand, while RNA is a _______ strand.

    <p>double; single</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following RNA types with their functions:

    <p>mRNA = Carries instructions from DNA tRNA = Transfers amino acids to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces thymine (T) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In protein synthesis, the AUG triplet codes for an amino acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

    <p>To predict the genotype and phenotype combinations from parental alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>They read the messenger RNA and help in assembling amino acids into a protein chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recessive alleles are represented by capital letters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is an individual with two identical alleles for a given characteristic trait.

    <p>homozygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the law of independent assortment state?

    <p>The alleles for different character traits separate during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Allele = Possible form of a gene Genotype = Individual's genetic inheritance Phenotype = Appearance or state of an individual Law of segregation = Alleles separate during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a heterozygote?

    <p>An individual with two different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chromosome is formed when __________ contract.

    <p>chromatins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following character traits with their examples:

    <p>Eye Color = Blue, Brown, Green Capacity to Digest = Lactose Tolerance Taste Preferences = Sweet vs Sour Adventurousness = Risky Activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood types A and B are recessive to allele O.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the protein chain at the end of protein synthesis?

    <p>The protein is released and folds to perform its function in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nucleotides in DNA consist of?

    <p>Nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What segments of DNA are responsible for coding proteins?

    <p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfers genetic information from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dominant allele is expressed over a recessive allele.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps of protein synthesis?

    <p>Transcription, Attachment, Translation, Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which parents pass on character traits to their offspring is called _______.

    <p>heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the Law of Segregation?

    <p>Each gamete receives only one allele from each pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood types A and B are considered recessive alleles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ squares are used to predict genotypes and phenotypes.

    <p>Punnett</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    <h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    <h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    <h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    <h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA and Proteins

    • A character trait is a physical, psychological, or physiological attribute that varies between individuals of the same species. Examples include eye color, capacity to digest, taste preferences, and adventurousness.
    • A chromosome is a structure formed when chromatin contracts.
    • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
    • A karyotype is a representation of an individual's chromosomes, ordered by size.
    • A gene is a segment of DNA that carries instructions for making proteins.

    Nucleotides and DNA Structure

    • A nucleotide is a chemical unit in DNA.
    • Nitrogenous bases pair specifically in DNA: Adenine with Thymine, and Guanine with Cytosine.

    Protein Synthesis

    • A protein is a molecule crucial for an organism's functions and expressing traits. Proteins are made up of amino acids.
    • Protein synthesis involves several key steps:
      • Transcription: DNA unzips, and messenger RNA (mRNA) is created as a copy of the DNA code.
      • Attachment: mRNA attaches to ribosomes.
      • Translation: Ribosomes read mRNA in triplets (codons), where each triplet codes for an amino acid.
      • Termination: Specific triplets (UAA, UAG, UGA) signal the end of protein synthesis, and the protein is released, and folded to perform its function.

    Types of RNA

    • Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

    Genetics and Heredity

    • Heredity is the process where parents pass traits to their offspring.
    • A generation is a group of individuals produced by the same parents.
    • An allele is a variant form of a gene, differing in nucleotide sequence.
    • Homozygote: An individual with two identical alleles for a trait.
    • Heterozygote: An individual with two different alleles for a trait.
    • A dominant allele is expressed over a recessive allele. Blood Types A and B are co-dominant over allele O.

    Genotype and Phenotype

    • A genotype describes an individual's genetic inheritance.
    • A phenotype describes the observable expression of the genotype.

    Mendel's Laws of Heredity

    • Law of Segregation: The two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation, with each gamete receiving only one allele.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.

    Punnett Squares

    • Punnett squares are used to predict genotypes and phenotypes.
    • A one characteristic Punnett Square determines the genotypes for parents, finds possible gametes, and indicates combinations.
    • A two characteristic Punnett square finds possible genotypes for the parents, identifies possible gametes for each parent, and indicates combinations.

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    DNA and Proteins Study Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in DNA and protein synthesis, including the structure of nucleotides, the role of chromosomes, and the process of protein synthesis. Test your understanding of how DNA dictates genetic traits and protein functions in organisms.

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