DNA and Protein Synthesis Unit Test

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Questions and Answers

Which best describes a centromere?

The part of a chromosome that joins the sister chromatids.

How can the two chromosomes that make up a homologous pair differ?

They can contain different alleles for the same trait.

Which best describes the function of the part labeled b in a chromosome?

Codes for a specific trait.

What can be observed on a karyotype but not a pedigree?

A visual image of a chromosomal defect. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromosomal mutation is responsible for causing Turner syndrome?

Aneuploidy. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the chromosomal abnormality of having three copies of a single chromosome?

Trisomy. Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a missing chromosome?

Aneuploidy. Signup and view all the answers

Which is indicated by the letter a in a chromosome?

Petit arm. Signup and view all the answers

Which flow chart best shows the relationship between the cell structures listed?

Gene -> DNA -> Chromosome -> Nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which diagram shows a homologous chromosome pair that has homozygous alleles?

Option 4 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What would trisomy 21 look like in a karyotype?

An extra chromosome 21. Signup and view all the answers

Which best matches a type of genetic material with its description?

DNA is located in the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which correctly organizes these genetic terms from smallest to largest?

From smallest to largest, the order is nitrogenous base, nucleotide, codon, gene, DNA molecule, chromosome, nucleus, and cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the primary site of protein synthesis?

Ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which best summarizes the process of protein synthesis?

DNA unzips, resulting in the formation of two protein molecules. Signup and view all the answers

If a stop codon is like a red traffic light, which is most like a green traffic light during transcription?

mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lactase?

To regulate cell reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What can a forensic scientist assume about the number of adenine bases in a DNA sample?

The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of thymine bases. Signup and view all the answers

How many genes make up the human genome?

20,000-25,000 genes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a purpose for which a pedigree chart might be prepared?

To identify the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait. Signup and view all the answers

What was Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei's contribution to our understanding of the genetic code?

Discovery of codons. Signup and view all the answers

Who first identified DNA?

Friedrich Miescher. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the relationship between transcription and translation?

The RNA made during transcription is used to make proteins during translation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following incorrectly matches the term with its location?

Genes are located in a nucleotide. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which are segments of DNA that code for specific traits?

Genes. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a goal of the Human Genome Project?

To address the ethical consequences of genomic research. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is part of transcription?

mRNA is synthesized from a strand of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process shown in the diagram that includes DNA strand and RNA polymerase?

Transcription. Signup and view all the answers

Rosalind Franklin is famous for which contribution to the study of DNA?

Creation of an X-ray diffraction image of DNA structure. Signup and view all the answers

What was Friedrich Miescher's contribution to the discovery of the genetic code?

He extracted and observed DNA from white blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following would be visible on a karyotype except:

Histones (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary strand of RNA for the DNA sequence GTTCCAGAG?

CAAGGUCUC. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is part of translation but not transcription?

An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain. (A) Signup and view all the answers

GEF-H1 is best classified as which kind of protein?

An antibody (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chromosomes and Genetic Makeup

Centromeres connect sister chromatids in a chromosome.
Homologous chromosomes can differ by having different alleles for the same trait.
Each chromosome includes sections that code for specific traits.
Karyotypes reveal chromosomal defects visually, unlike pedigrees which track inheritance.
Turner syndrome results from aneuploidy, characterized by an incomplete set of sex chromosomes, causing symptoms like short stature and infertility.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Trisomy refers to having three copies of a single chromosome.
Missing chromosomes in karyotypes indicate aneuploidy.
Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, appears as an extra chromosome 21 in a karyotype.

Genetic Material Organization

DNA is housed within the nucleus and organized by size: nitrogenous base, nucleotide, codon, gene, DNA molecule, chromosome, nucleus, and cell.
The primary site of protein synthesis is ribosomes.
The protein synthesis process begins with DNA unzipping, leading to the formation of proteins.

Protein Synthesis Insights

A stop codon in transcription acts like a red traffic light, while mRNA functions like a green light.
Lactase is a digestive protein that regulates cell reactions and aids in sugar breakdown from milk.

Genetic Code and Measurements

The number of adenine bases in DNA is equal to thymine bases due to complementary base pairing.
The human genome consists of approximately 20,000-25,000 genes.
Pedigree charts are used to trace inheritance patterns for specific traits.

Historical Contributions to Genetics

Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei discovered codons, critical for understanding the genetic code.
Friedrich Miescher was the first to identify DNA and its components from white blood cells.
Rosalind Franklin created an X-ray diffraction image revealing DNA's structural helix.

DNA Processes

Transcription involves synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template, while translation uses mRNA to create proteins.
Genes, which are segments of DNA encoding traits, are located in chromosomes, not within nucleotides.

Ethical Goals in Genomic Research

The Human Genome Project aims to understand genomic structures and address ethical implications of research.

Miscellaneous Findings

During transcription, the appropriate complementary RNA strand for DNA sequence GTTCCAGAG is CAAGGUCUC.
A process exclusive to translation involves using mRNA to build an amino acid chain.
GEF-H1, a protein managing immune responses, is classified as an antibody.

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Test your knowledge on DNA and protein synthesis concepts with these flashcards. Cover critical topics such as centromeres, homologous chromosomes, and the functions of chromosomal regions. This quiz is perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding in a structured format.