Biology Chapter: Controlled Experiments and Cells

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of proteins in cells?

Provide energy for cellular activities

Transport molecules across membranes

Make enzymes and catalyze chemical reactions (correct)

Store genetic information

What is a distinguishing feature of plant cells compared to animal cells?

Animal cells contain cell walls

Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts (correct)

Plant cells have lysosomes

Animal cells have chloroplasts

Which of the following structures is absent in prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Nucleus (correct)

What happens to an enzyme at high temperatures?

It denatures and loses its active shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the independent variable in a controlled experiment?

It is the variable that the experimenter changes intentionally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modify proteins by adding carbohydrates and lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is characterized by having multiple linear chromosomes?

Eukaryotic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the cell wall?

Provides structural support outside the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes prokaryotic cells?

They are characterized by having circular chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a monomer?

A small molecule that can bond together to form polymers. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of nucleic acids like DNA?

Serve as templates for protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vacuoles is correct?

Vacuoles are prominent in plant cells and store starch and waste Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is true?

Monosaccharides can link together to form polysaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a polymer?

A large molecule made of numerous repeating subunits. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups includes only eukaryotic organisms?

Plantae and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

ATP production through cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What component of animal cells helps in maintaining structural support and facilitates movement?

Cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cells is the genetic material located in a region called the nucleoid?

Prokaryotic cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell components processes, packages, and modifies proteins and lipids?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mitosis in cellular processes?

To ensure growth and repair through identical daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism allows for the release of substances from a cell?

Exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes meiosis from mitosis in terms of the outcome of the cell division process?

Meiosis results in genetically unique cells, while mitosis produces identical cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do signaling molecules initiate a cellular response?

By binding to receptor proteins on the cell's surface or inside. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to plant cells when compared to animal cells?

Presence of a cell wall and chloroplasts. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Controlled Experiments

Controlled experiments test one variable at a time.
Independent variable: Actively changed variable in the experiment.
Dependent variable: Variable that changes in response to the independent variable.

Cellular Biology

Types of Cells

Eukaryotic:
- Examples: Animal, plant, fungi, protist cells
- Features: Membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, often multicellular.
Prokaryotic:
- Examples: Bacteria, archaea
- Features: No membrane-bound organelles, circular chromosomes, sometimes unicellular, sometimes multicellular
- Unique: Can be both unicellular and multicellular

Cell Structures and Functions

Nucleus: Houses DNA, crucial for transcription/RNA processing. Present in eukaryotic cells.
- Features: Double membrane
- Location: Nucleus
Plasma Membrane: Regulates substance passage in and out of the cell
- features: Receptor proteins, and doesent allow unwanted substances to enter.
Cell Wall: Provides support outside plasma membrane. Found in plants, prokaryotes, and fungi.
Vacuole: Stores water, nutrients, and waste. More prominent in plant cells.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids. Found in eukaryotic cells.
Centrioles: Involved in cell division. Found in animal cells; absent in plants. (Lack membrane)
Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis. Present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes in animal cells. Absent in plant cells

Cell Types

Plant Cells: Have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles.
Animal Cells: Lack cell walls, chloroplasts, but have lysosomes.

Cell Theory

Cell Theory: All cells come from preexisting cells.

Cellular Components(Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates)

Monomer: A single small molecule that can bond with others to form a larger molecule.
Polymer: A large, complex molecule composed of repeating monomer subunits.
Examples:
- Polysaccharides: Polymers of glucose monomers.
- Proteins: Polymers of amino acid monomers.
- Nucleic acids(DNA): Polymers of nucleotide monomers.
Function: Carbohydrates provide energy, structure; Nucleic Acids store genetic information; Proteins catalyze reactions, provide support.

Enzymes

pH and Temperature: Affect enzyme structure and function.
Denaturation: Loss of enzyme shape due to extreme temp or pH, altering its function.
Activation Energy: The energy needed for a chemical reaction to start.
Enzyme Action: Enzymes lower activation energy, increasing reaction speed.

Elements

Subatomic Particles: Electrons, protons, neutrons; provide insight into elements' properties. Protons & Neutrons present in the nucleus; Electrons are are in a cloud surrounding the nucleus.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of controlled experiments and the different types of cells in cellular biology. You'll explore the distinctions between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as the key structures and functions within cells. Test your knowledge on these foundational topics in biology.