Biology Chapter: Circulatory System & Nutrition
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Questions and Answers

What is one primary function of the circulatory system?

  • To deliver nutrients from the digestive system to cells (correct)
  • To facilitate direct contact between cells and the external environment
  • To produce hormones within the cell
  • To prevent the flow of blood during metabolic processes

Which of the following is a characteristic of a closed circulatory system?

  • Blood circulates in one direction (correct)
  • Blood is not contained in vessels
  • Examples include insects and crustaceans
  • Requires less energy to function

Which circuit is responsible for oxygenating blood in the circulatory system?

  • Coronary circuit
  • Pulmonary circuit (correct)
  • Cardiac circuit
  • Systemic circuit

What type of blood is described as bright red?

<p>Oxygen-rich blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms typically possess an open circulatory system?

<p>Crestaceans and insects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are disaccharides primarily composed of?

<p>Two sugar molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

<p>Cellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a healthy person's diet do carbohydrates typically constitute?

<p>55% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do plant starches primarily serve in humans?

<p>Source of chemical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acids can the human body synthesize on its own?

<p>12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food sources are rich in complete proteins?

<p>Meat and fish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily protein intake for teenagers?

<p>0.85g per kg of body mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about proteins in the diet?

<p>Excess protein can be converted into fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy do endothermic animals primarily convert to maintain their body temperature?

<p>Chemical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes catabolism in metabolism?

<p>The breakdown of materials for energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences an individual's metabolic rate?

<p>Age and sex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of using BMI as a health assessment tool?

<p>It does not account for muscle versus fat mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the 3,500 calorie rule?

<p>3,500 calories equate to 1 pound of fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates is classified as a monosaccharide?

<p>Fructose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for the human body?

<p>Carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT significantly affect total daily energy expenditure?

<p>Environmental temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rate at which energy is used by an organism while at rest?

<p>Basal metabolic rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of villi in the small intestine?

<p>Increasing surface area for absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of pancreatic juice is responsible for breaking down starch?

<p>Pancreatic amylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile in the digestive process?

<p>Emulsifying fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

<p>Pyloric sphincter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?

<p>Ileum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the movement of nutrients into the bloodstream from the small intestine?

<p>Absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the bacteria H. pylori is not treated?

<p>It can lead to ulcers in the stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the small intestine?

<p>20 feet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is directly connected to the small intestine?

<p>Cecum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the large intestine?

<p>Reabsorbing water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing bile?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of egestion?

<p>To eliminate undigested waste (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lacteals play in the small intestine?

<p>Absorbing digested fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice?

<p>To neutralize stomach acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells in the human body?

<p>To deliver oxygen to tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for carrying dissolved nutrients and waste?

<p>Plasma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do vasodilators play in regulating blood flow?

<p>They relax smooth muscles, increasing vessel diameter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in combatting infections through consumption of bacteria?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the inner layer of an artery differ from its outer and middle layers?

<p>It is made up of endothelial tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of capillaries compared to arteries and veins?

<p>They have no smooth muscle in their walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high sodium ion concentration have on blood?

<p>It creates osmotic pressure leading to water retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to old red blood cells in the human body?

<p>They are engulfed by macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vein is primarily affected in cases of varicose veins?

<p>Superficial veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of veins compared to arteries?

<p>They carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT found in the plasma?

<p>Platelets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do precapillary sphincters serve in the circulatory system?

<p>They control blood flow into the capillary networks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the elasticity of artery walls?

<p>It maintains continuous blood flow during pumping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the heart valves?

<p>To ensure blood flows in one direction through the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure reading is typically the higher value during a heartbeat?

<p>Systolic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of low blood pressure (hypotension)?

<p>Nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change is recommended to prevent high blood pressure?

<p>Reducing salt intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?

<p>Left ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the heart prevents the atrioventricular valves from opening backward during contraction?

<p>Chordae tendineae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding high blood pressure is true?

<p>It can lead to serious health complications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart relax and fill with blood?

<p>Diastole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram represent?

<p>Ventricular depolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is NOT typically associated with the development of varicose veins?

<p>Low cholesterol diets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do the coronary arteries serve?

<p>Supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of untreated hypertension?

<p>Fluid in the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the heart conducts electrical signals to initiate contraction?

<p>Sinoatrial node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much blood can the heart pump at maximum output in one minute?

<p>25 L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

The chemical reactions that occur in the body to sustain life.

Catabolism

The process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.

Anabolism

The process of building larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones.

Metabolic Rate

The rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy.

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Basal Metabolic Rate

The rate at which energy is used by an organism when it is at rest.

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Carbohydrates

The main source of energy for the human body.

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Monosaccharides

The most basic carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

A medical screening tool that measures the ratio of height to weight to estimate body fat.

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Calorie

The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

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Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

The total amount of energy expended by a person in a day.

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Circulatory System

A system that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

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Closed Circulatory System

A type of circulatory system where blood is contained within vessels, allowing for faster and more efficient transport.

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Hemolymph

The fluid that transports materials through the body in an open circulatory system.

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Pulmonary Circuit

The circuit that carries blood between the heart and the lungs for oxygenation.

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Systemic Circuit

The circuit that carries blood to the head and body, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

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What are disaccharides?

Sugars made of two monosaccharides joined together. Examples include lactose (milk sugar) and sucrose (table sugar).

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What are polysaccharides?

Large, complex carbohydrates made up of many sugar molecules linked together. Examples include starches (found in potatoes and grains) and cellulose (found in plant cell walls).

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What are carbohydrates used for?

Carbohydrates are a primary energy source for the body. They're also important for building cell structures, like cellulose in plants. Around 55% of a healthy diet should be carbohydrates.

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How are complex carbohydrates used by the body?

Complex carbohydrates need to be broken down into simpler sugars before the body can use them. This process happens mainly in the liver and muscles. Excess carbohydrates can be stored as fat.

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What are proteins?

Proteins are essential building blocks for cells and play many roles in the body, including structural support, metabolic processes, and movement. Some proteins act as hormones.

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What are amino acids?

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are small molecules that vary in size and shape. The human body can make 12 amino acids, but 8 must be obtained from food.

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What are good sources of amino acids?

Animal sources of protein, like meat, eggs, and fish, contain all 8 essential amino acids. Plant sources of protein, like beans and lentils, may lack one or more essential amino acids. Vegetarians need to eat a more varied diet to get all the essential amino acids they need.

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How much protein do teenagers need?

The recommended daily intake of protein for teenagers is 0.85 grams per kilogram of body weight. Excess protein can be converted into fat, but usually it's a smaller source of energy in the diet.

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Blood Pressure

A measure of the force of blood against the walls of arteries.

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Systolic Pressure

The top number in a blood pressure reading, measuring the pressure when the heart contracts and pushes out blood.

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Diastolic Pressure

The bottom number in a blood pressure reading, measuring the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.

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Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure)

A condition where blood pressure is consistently lower than normal, often causing symptoms like dizziness and fatigue.

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Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

A condition where blood pressure is consistently higher than normal, damaging blood vessels and increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other health problems.

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Pericardium

The protective sac that encloses the heart.

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Septum

The muscular wall separating the two parallel pumps of the heart.

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Atria

The top chambers of the heart that receive blood and pump it into the ventricles.

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Ventricles

The bottom chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart.

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Heart Valves

Structures in the heart that ensure blood flows in only one direction.

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Coronary Blood Vessels

The network of arteries and veins that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients.

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Circulation

The process of blood circulating through the heart, lungs, and body.

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Cardiac Cycle

The complete heartbeat, consisting of the contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart.

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Heart Sounds

The sound of the heart beating caused by the closing of the valves - often described as a 'lub-DUB' sound.

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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

A cluster of cells in the heart that acts as the pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat.

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What is blood?

A connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

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What is plasma?

The fluid component of blood, containing water, proteins, nutrients, and waste products.

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Where are red blood cells produced?

Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow, which is spongy material found in the centre of many bones.

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Why are red blood cells flexible?

Red blood cells are very flexible, allowing them to squeeze through narrow capillaries to deliver oxygen.

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What is hemoglobin?

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is a protein that carries oxygen throughout the body.

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What do white blood cells do?

White blood cells are responsible for fighting infections by attacking foreign invaders.

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What do arteries do?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

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What is the aorta?

The aorta is the largest artery in the body, leaving the heart and branching into smaller arteries to deliver blood to all parts of the body.

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What is vasoconstriction?

The contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of arterioles, narrowing the diameter and reducing blood flow.

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What is vasodilation?

The relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of arterioles, widening the diameter and increasing blood flow.

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What are capillaries?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that form networks, supplying oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body.

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What do veins do?

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the rest of the body.

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What are venules?

Venules are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and merge into larger veins.

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What are varicose veins?

Varicose veins are bulging veins caused by weakened valves and increased pressure in the veins.

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What are spider veins?

Spider veins are small, damaged veins that often appear on the legs or face.

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What is Helicobacter pylori?

A bacterium that can cause ulcers in the stomach by secreting enzymes that neutralize stomach acid, burrowing into the stomach lining, and limiting mucus production.

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What are the three parts of the small intestine?

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are the three sections of the small intestine, each with specific functions. The duodenum focuses on digestion, with the jejunum playing a role in both digestion and absorption, while the ileum is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption.

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What is the role of villi in the small intestine?

Villi are finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine, allowing for more efficient nutrient absorption. These projections are covered in microscopic finger-like extensions called microvilli, further increasing the surface area.

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What is the function of bile?

Bile is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the duodenum through the common bile duct. Its primary function is to break down fats into smaller droplets, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

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What are the key components of pancreatic juice?

Pancreatic juice, secreted by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in digestion by containing three key enzymes: pancreatic amylase (breaks down starch), trypsin (breaks down proteins), and pancreatic lipase (breaks down fats). It also neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach.

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What are the key functions of the liver?

The liver performs a variety of essential functions in the body, including glucose regulation, toxin removal, bile production, and processing nutrients from the digestive system. It also stores glycogen and plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism.

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What is the role of the pancreas in digestion and the body?

The pancreas is an essential organ that plays a dual role in both digestion and hormone regulation. It secretes digestive enzymes for breaking down food and hormones such as insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.

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What are the key functions of the large intestine?

The large intestine, also known as the colon, plays a vital role in water absorption and the formation of feces. Its four segments, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, process waste as it passes through.

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What is the function of the appendix?

The appendix, a small, finger-like projection from the cecum, may play a role in storing and cultivating gut bacteria and supporting immune function. While its exact function remains a subject of ongoing research, it likely contributes to overall gut health.

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What is the rectum and its function?

The rectum, the final 20 centimeters of the large intestine, temporarily holds waste until it is eliminated through the anus.

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What is egestion?

Egestion is the process of eliminating waste from the body, including indigestible material. It is essential for maintaining good health and balancing the digestive system.

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What is the role of the anus?

The anus, the final opening of the digestive tract, is controlled by two sphincter muscles: the internal anal sphincter (involuntary) and the external anal sphincter (voluntary) which allow for the regulated expulsion of feces.

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What is aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to obtain energy from food, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. This process is essential for life, as it provides the energy necessary for all cellular functions.

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What is ventilation?

Ventilation, commonly referred to as breathing, is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs, ensuring oxygen delivery to the body and carbon dioxide removal.

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What is gas exchange?

Gas exchange is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the body and the environment. Oxygen diffuses into cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses out, enabling respiration and maintaining cellular function.

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Where does Gas exchange take place?

Gas exchange occurs in two primary locations: the lungs and the cells. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the air into the bloodstream, while in the cells, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue fluid and then into the cells. Conversely, carbon dioxide moves from the cells to the bloodstream and then to the lungs.

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Study Notes

Nutrition

  • Why do we eat?
    • Energy to maintain body functions
    • Growth
    • Social interactions

Food for Energy

  • Nutrients provide the energy that fuels all biological processes.
  • Light energy is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
  • Chemical energy can be stored in cells and released when needed.
  • Chemical energy fuels growth and movement.
  • Endothermic animals convert energy into thermal energy; some is returned to the environment.

Energy Requirements

  • Endothermic animals need more food to maintain body temperature.
  • Larger animals generally eat more food than smaller animals, relative to their size.

Metabolism

  • Catabolism: the breakdown of materials (like during digestion).

  • Anabolism: the building of more complex molecules from smaller ones.

  • Metabolic rate is how quickly the body converts stored energy into working energy.

  • Body size: larger body = more energy required.

  • Physical activity: muscles need more energy than fat.

  • Sex: males generally have more muscle tissue than females.

  • Age: metabolic rate decreases with age.

  • Heredity: genes play a role.

Energy Measurement

  • Energy is measured in joules or kilojoules.
  • One calorie is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 degree Celsius.
  • One kilocalorie is the unit usually found on food labels.
  • Calorie is a unit of energy; it can apply to other things besides food.

Basal Metabolic Rate

  • Rate at which energy is used by an organism when at rest, only performing vital functions.

Total Daily Energy Expenditure

  • Body Mass Index (BMI): a medical screening tool that estimates body fat by comparing height to weight.
  • Doesn't diagnose health issues, it's used with other tools and assessments.
  • Other methods of classifying weight include waist circumference, skinfold calipers, DEXA scan, ADP, etc.
  • Higher body fat may lead to certain health risks, but not everyone with high BMI experiences these issues.

BMI Limitations

  • Doesn't differentiate between lean body mass (muscle) and fat mass.

  • Used for both genders, even though females tend to have more body fat.

  • Hasn't been adjusted for the increasing average adult height over time.

  • Doesn't measure the location or distribution of body fat.

  • Doesn't account for family history.

  • 3,500 calories is equal to 1 pound of fat.

  • Calculations don't consider body composition or nutritional value of food

Sustainable Weight Loss

  • Composition of Diet
  • Activity Levels
  • Pace of changes
  • Sustainability of changes

Nutrients

Carbohydrates

  • Main source of energy for the human body.
  • Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Three types: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
  • Monosaccharides are single sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose).
  • Disaccharides are two sugars combined (e.g., lactose, sucrose).
  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates (e.g., starches, cellulose).
  • Used to build cells and provide energy.

Proteins

  • Building blocks of cells, performs various functions, including movement, hormones, and cellular repair, like myosin in muscle cells and hemoglobin.
  • Made of chains of amino acids.
  • Contains 20 different amino acids; the body can produce 12, and needs to obtain 8 from other sources like meat, eggs, cheese, beans, lentils, seeds, nuts.
  • Important for growth and structure.

Lipids

  • Concentrated source of energy for the body.
  • Components of cell membranes.
  • Examples include triglycerides, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, omega 3s, and steroids.
  • Includes fats and oils
  • Needed to create cell structures and provide thermal/chemical energy.

Vitamins

  • Needed in small amounts for metabolism and enzyme regulation for cellular function.
  • Classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B, C).

Minerals

  • Naturally occurring elements that the body uses to carry out metabolic processes and repair tissues.
    • Examples include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, iron.
  • Essential for various biological processes.

Digestive System

  • Functions of the digestive system: break down large food molecules into smaller molecules; absorb smaller molecules into the circulatory system, carry these to the rest of the body; and eliminate waste.
  • Mechanical/chemical digestion occurs in various parts of the system, such as the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
  • Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.
  • Removal of indigestible matter occurs in the large intestine.

Respiratory System & Aerobic Respiration

  • All living cells use oxygen and need energy.

  • This process is called aerobic cellular respiration.

  • Glucose reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and energy to provide power to cells.

  • The body needs oxygen to survive to create energy.

  • The respiratory system is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

  • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

Blood

  • Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
  • Components include plasma (liquid matrix), and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
  • Blood transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body and carries waste products away from cells.
  • Blood maintains homeostasis.
  • Circulatory System has components (blood vessels, heart) and functions.

Blood Vessels

  • Capillaries, venules, veins and arteries carry blood throughout the body.
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart; Veins carry blood back to the heart.
  • Capillaries are very thin and are the sites of substance exchange.

Cardiac Cycle

  • Cardiac cycle is the complete heartbeat.
  • It involves contraction and relaxation of the heart's chambers.
  • Systole refers to contraction, and diastole refers to relaxation.
  • Heart sounds are associated with valve closures.
  • Heart rates depend on environmental and internal factors via the vagus and sympathetic nerves.
  • Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of blood vessels.

  • Systolic pressure measures pressure during ventricular contraction.

  • Diastolic pressure is the measure of pressure during ventricular relaxation.

  • Normal blood pressure is considered to be around 120/80 mm Hg.

  • High/Low blood pressure can be caused by a variety of factors/issues.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to the circulatory system and nutrition, including the characteristics of closed and open circulatory systems, types of blood, and dietary compositions. Test your knowledge on disaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, and their dietary recommendations.

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