Biology Chapter: Circulatory System & Nutrition

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Questions and Answers

What is one primary function of the circulatory system?

To deliver nutrients from the digestive system to cells (correct)

To facilitate direct contact between cells and the external environment

To produce hormones within the cell

To prevent the flow of blood during metabolic processes

Which of the following is a characteristic of a closed circulatory system?

Blood circulates in one direction (correct)

Blood is not contained in vessels

Examples include insects and crustaceans

Requires less energy to function

Which circuit is responsible for oxygenating blood in the circulatory system?

Coronary circuit

Pulmonary circuit (correct)

Cardiac circuit

Systemic circuit

What type of blood is described as bright red?

Oxygen-rich blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms typically possess an open circulatory system?

Crestaceans and insects (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are disaccharides primarily composed of?

Two sugar molecules (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

Cellulose (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a healthy person's diet do carbohydrates typically constitute?

55% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do plant starches primarily serve in humans?

Source of chemical energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acids can the human body synthesize on its own?

12 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which food sources are rich in complete proteins?

Meat and fish (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily protein intake for teenagers?

0.85g per kg of body mass (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about proteins in the diet?

Excess protein can be converted into fat (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy do endothermic animals primarily convert to maintain their body temperature?

Chemical energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes catabolism in metabolism?

The breakdown of materials for energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences an individual's metabolic rate?

Age and sex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of using BMI as a health assessment tool?

It does not account for muscle versus fat mass (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the 3,500 calorie rule?

3,500 calories equate to 1 pound of fat (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates is classified as a monosaccharide?

Fructose (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for the human body?

Carbohydrates (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT significantly affect total daily energy expenditure?

Environmental temperature (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rate at which energy is used by an organism while at rest?

Basal metabolic rate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of villi in the small intestine?

Increasing surface area for absorption (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of pancreatic juice is responsible for breaking down starch?

Pancreatic amylase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile in the digestive process?

Emulsifying fats (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?

Ileum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the movement of nutrients into the bloodstream from the small intestine?

Absorption (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the bacteria H. pylori is not treated?

It can lead to ulcers in the stomach (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the small intestine?

20 feet (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is directly connected to the small intestine?

Cecum (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the large intestine?

Reabsorbing water (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing bile?

Liver (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of egestion?

To eliminate undigested waste (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do lacteals play in the small intestine?

Absorbing digested fats (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice?

To neutralize stomach acid (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells in the human body?

To deliver oxygen to tissues (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for carrying dissolved nutrients and waste?

Plasma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do vasodilators play in regulating blood flow?

They relax smooth muscles, increasing vessel diameter (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in combatting infections through consumption of bacteria?

Neutrophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the inner layer of an artery differ from its outer and middle layers?

It is made up of endothelial tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of capillaries compared to arteries and veins?

They have no smooth muscle in their walls (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high sodium ion concentration have on blood?

It creates osmotic pressure leading to water retention (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to old red blood cells in the human body?

They are engulfed by macrophages (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vein is primarily affected in cases of varicose veins?

Superficial veins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of veins compared to arteries?

They carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT found in the plasma?

Platelets (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do precapillary sphincters serve in the circulatory system?

They control blood flow into the capillary networks (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the elasticity of artery walls?

It maintains continuous blood flow during pumping (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the heart valves?

To ensure blood flows in one direction through the heart (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure reading is typically the higher value during a heartbeat?

Systolic pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of low blood pressure (hypotension)?

Nausea (C) Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change is recommended to prevent high blood pressure?

Reducing salt intake (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?

Left ventricle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the heart prevents the atrioventricular valves from opening backward during contraction?

Chordae tendineae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding high blood pressure is true?

It can lead to serious health complications. (B) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart relax and fill with blood?

Diastole (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram represent?

Ventricular depolarization (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is NOT typically associated with the development of varicose veins?

Low cholesterol diets (A) Signup and view all the answers

What function do the coronary arteries serve?

Supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of untreated hypertension?

Fluid in the lungs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What part of the heart conducts electrical signals to initiate contraction?

Sinoatrial node (C) Signup and view all the answers

How much blood can the heart pump at maximum output in one minute?

25 L (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition

Why do we eat?
- Energy to maintain body functions
- Growth
- Social interactions

Food for Energy

Nutrients provide the energy that fuels all biological processes.
Light energy is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Chemical energy can be stored in cells and released when needed.
Chemical energy fuels growth and movement.
Endothermic animals convert energy into thermal energy; some is returned to the environment.

Energy Requirements

Endothermic animals need more food to maintain body temperature.
Larger animals generally eat more food than smaller animals, relative to their size.

Metabolism

Catabolism: the breakdown of materials (like during digestion).
Anabolism: the building of more complex molecules from smaller ones.
Metabolic rate is how quickly the body converts stored energy into working energy.
Body size: larger body = more energy required.
Physical activity: muscles need more energy than fat.
Sex: males generally have more muscle tissue than females.
Age: metabolic rate decreases with age.
Heredity: genes play a role.

Energy Measurement

Energy is measured in joules or kilojoules.
One calorie is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 degree Celsius.
One kilocalorie is the unit usually found on food labels.
Calorie is a unit of energy; it can apply to other things besides food.

Basal Metabolic Rate

Rate at which energy is used by an organism when at rest, only performing vital functions.

Total Daily Energy Expenditure

Body Mass Index (BMI): a medical screening tool that estimates body fat by comparing height to weight.
Doesn't diagnose health issues, it's used with other tools and assessments.
Other methods of classifying weight include waist circumference, skinfold calipers, DEXA scan, ADP, etc.
Higher body fat may lead to certain health risks, but not everyone with high BMI experiences these issues.

BMI Limitations

Doesn't differentiate between lean body mass (muscle) and fat mass.
Used for both genders, even though females tend to have more body fat.
Hasn't been adjusted for the increasing average adult height over time.
Doesn't measure the location or distribution of body fat.
Doesn't account for family history.
3,500 calories is equal to 1 pound of fat.
Calculations don't consider body composition or nutritional value of food

Sustainable Weight Loss

Composition of Diet
Activity Levels
Pace of changes
Sustainability of changes

Nutrients

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy for the human body.
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Three types: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are single sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose).
Disaccharides are two sugars combined (e.g., lactose, sucrose).
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates (e.g., starches, cellulose).
Used to build cells and provide energy.

Proteins

Building blocks of cells, performs various functions, including movement, hormones, and cellular repair, like myosin in muscle cells and hemoglobin.
Made of chains of amino acids.
Contains 20 different amino acids; the body can produce 12, and needs to obtain 8 from other sources like meat, eggs, cheese, beans, lentils, seeds, nuts.
Important for growth and structure.

Lipids

Concentrated source of energy for the body.
Components of cell membranes.
Examples include triglycerides, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, omega 3s, and steroids.
Includes fats and oils
Needed to create cell structures and provide thermal/chemical energy.

Vitamins

Needed in small amounts for metabolism and enzyme regulation for cellular function.
Classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B, C).

Minerals

Naturally occurring elements that the body uses to carry out metabolic processes and repair tissues.
- Examples include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, iron.
Essential for various biological processes.

Digestive System

Functions of the digestive system: break down large food molecules into smaller molecules; absorb smaller molecules into the circulatory system, carry these to the rest of the body; and eliminate waste.
Mechanical/chemical digestion occurs in various parts of the system, such as the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.
Removal of indigestible matter occurs in the large intestine.

Respiratory System & Aerobic Respiration

All living cells use oxygen and need energy.
This process is called aerobic cellular respiration.
Glucose reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and energy to provide power to cells.
The body needs oxygen to survive to create energy.
The respiratory system is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

Blood

Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
Components include plasma (liquid matrix), and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body and carries waste products away from cells.
Blood maintains homeostasis.
Circulatory System has components (blood vessels, heart) and functions.

Blood Vessels

Capillaries, venules, veins and arteries carry blood throughout the body.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Capillaries are very thin and are the sites of substance exchange.

Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac cycle is the complete heartbeat.
It involves contraction and relaxation of the heart's chambers.
Systole refers to contraction, and diastole refers to relaxation.
Heart sounds are associated with valve closures.
Heart rates depend on environmental and internal factors via the vagus and sympathetic nerves.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of blood vessels.
Systolic pressure measures pressure during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic pressure is the measure of pressure during ventricular relaxation.
Normal blood pressure is considered to be around 120/80 mm Hg.
High/Low blood pressure can be caused by a variety of factors/issues.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to the circulatory system and nutrition, including the characteristics of closed and open circulatory systems, types of blood, and dietary compositions. Test your knowledge on disaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, and their dietary recommendations.