Biology Chapter: Biochemical Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in biological systems?

  • Forming cell membranes (correct)
  • Hormonal signaling
  • Synthesis of proteins
  • Energy storage

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroids?

  • Composed of four carbon rings
  • Synthesized from triglycerides (correct)
  • Includes sex hormones
  • Derived from cholesterol

    • What kind of bonds are responsible for forming peptide links between amino acids?

  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Ionic bonds
  • Peptide bonds (correct)
  • Covalent bonds

    • Which structure is characterized by the folding patterns held by hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Secondary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of enzymes in biochemical processes?

    <p>Speeding up chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic building block of nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nucleic acid is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are present in human cells?

    <p>46 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes ionic bonds?

    <p>Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a polar covalent bond?

    <p>One atom holds the electrons more closely, creating a partial charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of dehydration synthesis?

    <p>Complex molecules are formed by removing water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecules is glucose classified as?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines non-polar covalent bonds?

    <p>Electrons are shared equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water play in hydrolysis reactions?

    <p>It helps break bonds by adding water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component do lipids primarily consist of?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes polysaccharides from monosaccharides?

    <p>Polysaccharides have a long chain of monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative feedback in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is an example of a positive feedback loop?

    <p>Blood clotting after an injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pH scale measure?

    <p>The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the mass number of an atom calculated?

    <p>By summing the number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about isotopes is true?

    <p>Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an atom's chemical properties?

    <p>The configuration of electrons in the valence shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a cation from an anion?

    <p>A cation loses electrons, whereas an anion gains electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an acid-base reaction, what does an acid release into a solution?

    <p>Protons (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

    <p>It separates the DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which of the following occurs?

    <p>RNA is produced using DNA as a template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the elongation phase of protein synthesis?

    <p>Amino acids are linked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes semiconservative replication?

    <p>One strand is from the original DNA and one is newly synthesized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stop codons during translation?

    <p>To signal the end of protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular process does meiosis occur?

    <p>Formation of gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>They bind mRNA and tRNA to facilitate amino acid connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during glycolysis?

    <p>2 Pyruvate and NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

    <p>In the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the electron transport chain?

    <p>34 ATP produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the transition reaction?

    <p>Acetyle CoA is produced and CO2 is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH are produced per Acetyle CoA in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>3 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cell during interphase?

    <p>Cells perform normal functions and grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound enters the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Acetyle CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epidermis?

    <p>It protects against pathogens and prevents water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for cell division?

    <p>Stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do epidermal cells rely on for nutrient acquisition?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skin is characterized by a thicker stratum corneum?

    <p>Thick skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis produces keratin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is found in the dermis?

    <p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of melanocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>To give color to the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is NOT found in thin skin?

    <p>Stratum lucidium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment
    • Positive feedback loop: output amplifies the original stimulus (e.g., blood clotting)
    • Negative feedback loop: output reduces or counteracts the original stimulus (e.g., body temperature regulation)

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids dissociate and release H+ ions (e.g., HCl → H+ + Cl-)
    • Bases dissociate and release OH- ions (e.g., NaOH → Na+ + OH-)
    • pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration (0-14)
    • Lower pH values indicate higher hydrogen ion concentrations

    Atoms

    • Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, defines the element.
    • Mass number: the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
    • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element, but different number of neutrons.
    • Valence shell: the outermost electron shell, determining the chemical properties.
    • Ions: atoms that gain or lose electrons (cations are positive ions, anions are negative ions).

    Bonds

    • Ionic bonds: one atom transfers electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
    • Covalent bonds: electrons are shared between two atoms.
      • Non-polar covalent bonds: electrons are shared equally.
      • Polar covalent bonds: electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges.

    Hydrogen Bonds

    • Weak bonds formed between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (e.g., oxygen).
    • Important in water's properties and biological molecules like proteins and DNA

    Water in Chemical Reactions

    • Dehydration synthesis: bonds are formed between molecules by removing water. An anabolic reaction that makes more complex molecules.
    • Hydrolysis: bonds are broken down by adding water, a decomposition reaction

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
    • Types include:
      • Monosaccharides: simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
      • Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined (e.g., sucrose).
      • Polysaccharides: long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., glycogen, starch).

    Lipids

    • Lipids are diverse biological molecules, hydrophobic.
    • Types include:
      • Triglycerides: composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains, store energy.
      • Phospholipids: crucial component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
      • Steroids: four carbon rings, include sex hormones and cholesterol

    Proteins

    • Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids.
    • 20 different types of amino acids.
    • Peptide bonds link amino acids together forming proteins.
    • Protein structure includes levels such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Types include:
      • RNA (ribonucleic acid): synthesizes proteins
      • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): stores genetic information
      • ATP (adenosine triphosphate): energy for cells.

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is a semi-conservative process wherein existing DNA serves as a template to generate new DNA.
    • Stages include initiation, elongation, and termination.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA template by producing messenger RNA (mRNA).

    • Stages include initiation, elongation, and termination.

    • Translation is the process of linking amino acids together to form a protein using mRNA as a template.

    • Stages include initiation, elongation, and termination.

    Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • Mitosis: cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
    • Meiosis: cell division that produces four genetically different haploid gametes (e.g., eggs and sperm).

    Cell Cycle

    • Stages include:
      • G1: cell grows and performs normal functions.
      • G0: some cells enter a state of non-division.
      • S: DNA is replicated.
      • G2: cell prepares for division.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis: breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
    • Transition reaction: converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
    • Krebs cycle: produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2, from acetyl CoA.
    • Electron transport chain: produces ATP from NADH and FADH2.

    Lactic Acid Fermentation and Ethanol Fermentation

    • Anaerobic pathways that produce ATP when oxygen is not present.
    • Lactic acid fermentation: converts pyruvate to lactate.
    • Ethanol fermentation: converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

    Tissues

    • Tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function.
    • Four major types:
      • Epithelial
      • Connective
      • Nervous
      • Muscle

    Connective Tissues

    • Matrix which is composed of ground substance and fibres. Fibres such as collagen, elastic and reticular fibres, which give strength and structure to tissue.
    • Cellular components like fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
    • Functions: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion.
    • Cells are tightly joined together.

    Skin Layers

    • Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium, relies on diffusion for nutrients, lacks blood vessels.
    • Dermis: connective tissue with blood vessels, houses accessory structures.

    Hypodermis

    • Composed primarily of adipose tissue (fat) for insulation and cushioning.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on fundamental biochemical concepts, including the roles of phospholipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. This quiz covers essential topics such as bonds in molecules, carbohydrate classifications, and feedback mechanisms in homeostasis. Prepare to explore the building blocks of life!

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