Biology: Chapter 7 - Stems Outline

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What type of vascular bundle arrangement do herbaceous dicots have in their stems?

Discrete vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder

Where does the vascular cambium arise in herbaceous dicot stems?

Between primary xylem and primary phloem

What does the vascular cambium add to herbaceous dicot stems?

Secondary xylem and secondary phloem

What does one year's growth of xylem in woody dicot stems form?

Annual ring Signup and view all the answers

What do the annual rings of wood in woody dicot stems indicate?

Age of a tree and climate during tree's lifetime Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cork cambium in many plants?

Produces cork cells with suberin, reduces water loss, and protects stem against injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the area of the stem where leaves are attached called?

Node Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle between petiole and stem called?

Axil Signup and view all the answers

What marks the vascular tissue arrangement on a twig?

Bundle scars Signup and view all the answers

What do deciduous trees and shrubs lose annually?

All leaves Signup and view all the answers

What does the number of groups of bud scale scars on a twig tell?

Age of twig Signup and view all the answers

What are the often leaflike appendages at the base of a leaf called?

Stipules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the apical meristem at the stem tip?

To contribute to the increase in stem length. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary meristems formed from the apical meristem cells?

Protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem. Signup and view all the answers

What develops from the leaf primordia and bud primordia?

Mature leaves and buds, respectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is a trace, and what does it lead to in the stem?

A trace is a strand of xylem and phloem that branches off from the main vascular cylinder and enters a leaf or bud. Signup and view all the answers

What protects the apical meristem before the growing season begins?

Bud scales and leaf primordia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vascular cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. Signup and view all the answers

How does the wood produced in spring differ from the wood produced later in the season?

In spring, the secondary xylem contains relatively large vessel elements (spring wood), while later in the season, it has fewer and smaller vessel elements, with more tracheids and fibers (summer wood). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of bark in woody dicotyledonous stems?

The bark consists primarily of tissues outside the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and cork. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of wood in conifers differ from that in dicotyledonous plants?

Conifers lack vessel elements and fibers; their wood consists primarily of tracheids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cork cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

The cork cambium produces cork, which is part of the protective bark layer. Signup and view all the answers

What are laticifers and what do they secrete?

Laticifers are ducts found mostly in the phloem that secrete latex. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between softwood and hardwood?

Softwood is the wood of conifers and lacks fibers or vessel elements, while hardwood is the wood of dicot trees. Signup and view all the answers

What are resin canals and where are they found?

Resin canals are tube-like structures lined with cells that secrete resin, found scattered throughout the xylem and other tissues of some plants. Signup and view all the answers

What are tyloses and what is their function?

Tyloses are protrusions of adjacent parenchyma cells into the conducting cells of xylem that prevent conduction of water. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the two types of wood sawing patterns.

Radially cut (quartersawed) boards show annual rings in side view, while tangentially cut (plainsawed or slab cut) boards are cut perpendicular to rays and show annual rings as irregular bands. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of dry wood and what affects its density and durability?

Dry wood is composed of about 60-75% cellulose and 15-25% lignin. Density is the weight per unit volume, and durability (ability to withstand decay) is affected by the presence of tannins and oils. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary meristems formed from the apical meristem cells?

The three primary meristems formed from the apical meristem cells are: protoderm (which gives rise to the epidermis), procambium (which gives rise to primary xylem and phloem), and ground meristem (which gives rise to the pith and cortex). Signup and view all the answers

What develops from the leaf primordia and bud primordia?

The leaf primordia develop into mature leaves, and the bud primordia develop into mature buds. Signup and view all the answers

What is a trace, and what does it lead to in the stem?

A trace is a strand of xylem and phloem that branches off from the main vascular cylinder. It leads into a leaf or bud. Signup and view all the answers

What protects the apical meristem before the growing season begins?

The apical meristem is protected by bud scales and leaf primordia before the growing season begins. Signup and view all the answers

What forms the leaf gap or bud gap in the vascular cylinder of the stem?

The leaf gap or bud gap is formed when a trace branches off from the vascular cylinder, leaving a gap filled with parenchyma cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tissue responsible for secondary growth in woody dicotyledonous stems?

Vascular cambium and cork cambium Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of wood produced in woody dicotyledonous stems based on the activity of vascular cambium and cork cambium?

Ungrained, uniform wood or spring wood and summer wood Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tissue found outside the vascular cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

Bark Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of mature bark in woody dicotyledonous stems?

Alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork Signup and view all the answers

What are the vessel elements produced in the secondary xylem of woody dicotyledonous stems after spring wood?

Fewer, smaller vessel elements in proportion to tracheids and fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the central cylinder of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith (if present) in plant stems called?

The central cylinder is called the stele. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of flowering plants based on the number of cotyledons (seed leaves) they have?

Dicotyledons (dicots) have two cotyledons, while monocotyledons (monocots) have a single cotyledon. Signup and view all the answers

How do the vascular bundles in monocot stems differ from those in dicot stems?

Monocot stems have discrete vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, with xylem closer to the center and phloem closer to the surface, while dicot stems have a vascular cambium that produces secondary vascular tissues in discrete bundles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of a typical monocot vascular bundle?

A monocot vascular bundle contains two large xylem vessels, several small xylem vessels, phloem consisting of sieve tubes and companion cells, and a sheath of sclerenchyma cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the first formed xylem cells in monocot stems?

The first formed xylem cells in monocot stems stretch and collapse, leaving irregularly shaped air spaces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vascular cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

The primary function of the vascular cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems is to add secondary vascular tissues, including secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of vascular rays in woody dicotyledonous stems?

The vascular rays, consisting of parenchyma cells, function in the lateral conduction of nutrients and water. Signup and view all the answers

What does one year's growth of xylem in woody dicotyledonous stems form?

One year's growth of xylem forms an annual ring. Signup and view all the answers

What do the annual rings of wood in woody dicot stems indicate?

The annual rings of wood indicate the age of a tree and the climate conditions during the tree's lifetime. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cork cambium in many plants?

The primary function of the cork cambium is to produce cork cells with suberin and phelloderm cells, which reduce water loss and protect the stem against injury. Signup and view all the answers

What type of vascular bundle arrangement do herbaceous dicotyledonous stems have?

Herbaceous dicotyledonous stems have discrete vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder. Signup and view all the answers

What does the vascular cambium add to herbaceous dicotyledonous stems?

The vascular cambium adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem to herbaceous dicotyledonous stems. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of dry wood and how do they affect its density and durability?

The dry part of wood is composed of about 60-75% cellulose and about 15-25% lignin. The density, or weight per unit volume, and the durability, or ability to withstand decay, of wood are affected by these primary components. Tannins and oils in the wood also help repel decay organisms and contribute to the durability of the wood. Signup and view all the answers

What are resin canals and where are they found?

Resin canals are tubelike canals scattered throughout the xylem and other tissues of the stem. They are lined with specialized cells that secrete resin. Resin canals are common in conifers and some tropical flowering plants like those that produce frankincense and myrrh. Signup and view all the answers

What are tyloses and what is their function?

Tyloses are protrusions of adjacent parenchyma cells into the conducting cells of the xylem. Their function is to prevent the conduction of water, as they accumulate resins, gums, and tannins that darken the wood, forming heartwood. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of wood in conifers (softwood) differ from that in dicotyledonous plants (hardwood)?

The wood of conifers, or softwood, lacks fibers or vessel elements, whereas the wood of dicot trees, or hardwood, contains these structures. Additionally, softwood does not have the resin canals that are found scattered throughout the xylem and other tissues of hardwood. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of sawing patterns used for wood, and how do they differ?

The two main types of sawing patterns for wood are radial (quartersawed) and tangential (plainsawed or slab cut). Radially cut boards show the annual rings in side view, while tangentially cut boards are cut perpendicular to the rays and show the annual rings as irregular bands of light and dark streaks. Signup and view all the answers

What are laticifers and what do they secrete?

Laticifers are ducts found mostly in the phloem that have latex-secreting cells. They secrete substances like rubber, chicle (chewing gum), and morphine. Signup and view all the answers

Biology: Chapter 7 - Stems Outline

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Questions and Answers

What type of vascular bundle arrangement do herbaceous dicots have in their stems?

Where does the vascular cambium arise in herbaceous dicot stems?

What does the vascular cambium add to herbaceous dicot stems?

What does one year's growth of xylem in woody dicot stems form?

What do the annual rings of wood in woody dicot stems indicate?

What is the function of cork cambium in many plants?

What is the area of the stem where leaves are attached called?

What is the angle between petiole and stem called?

What marks the vascular tissue arrangement on a twig?

What do deciduous trees and shrubs lose annually?

What does the number of groups of bud scale scars on a twig tell?

What are the often leaflike appendages at the base of a leaf called?

What is the main function of the apical meristem at the stem tip?

What are the three primary meristems formed from the apical meristem cells?

What develops from the leaf primordia and bud primordia?

What is a trace, and what does it lead to in the stem?

What protects the apical meristem before the growing season begins?

What is the primary function of the vascular cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

How does the wood produced in spring differ from the wood produced later in the season?

What is the primary component of bark in woody dicotyledonous stems?

How does the structure of wood in conifers differ from that in dicotyledonous plants?

What is the primary function of the cork cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

What are laticifers and what do they secrete?

What is the difference between softwood and hardwood?

What are resin canals and where are they found?

What are tyloses and what is their function?

Describe the two types of wood sawing patterns.

What are the main components of dry wood and what affects its density and durability?

What are the three primary meristems formed from the apical meristem cells?

What develops from the leaf primordia and bud primordia?

What is a trace, and what does it lead to in the stem?

What protects the apical meristem before the growing season begins?

What forms the leaf gap or bud gap in the vascular cylinder of the stem?

What is the name of the tissue responsible for secondary growth in woody dicotyledonous stems?

What are the two types of wood produced in woody dicotyledonous stems based on the activity of vascular cambium and cork cambium?

What is the name of the tissue found outside the vascular cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

What is the main component of mature bark in woody dicotyledonous stems?

What are the vessel elements produced in the secondary xylem of woody dicotyledonous stems after spring wood?

What is the central cylinder of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith (if present) in plant stems called?

What are the two main types of flowering plants based on the number of cotyledons (seed leaves) they have?

How do the vascular bundles in monocot stems differ from those in dicot stems?

What are the main components of a typical monocot vascular bundle?

What is the function of the first formed xylem cells in monocot stems?

What is the primary function of the vascular cambium in woody dicotyledonous stems?

What is the main function of vascular rays in woody dicotyledonous stems?

What does one year's growth of xylem in woody dicotyledonous stems form?

What do the annual rings of wood in woody dicot stems indicate?

What is the primary function of the cork cambium in many plants?

What type of vascular bundle arrangement do herbaceous dicotyledonous stems have?

What does the vascular cambium add to herbaceous dicotyledonous stems?

What are the primary components of dry wood and how do they affect its density and durability?

What are resin canals and where are they found?

What are tyloses and what is their function?

How does the structure of wood in conifers (softwood) differ from that in dicotyledonous plants (hardwood)?

What are the two main types of sawing patterns used for wood, and how do they differ?

What are laticifers and what do they secrete?

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