Biology Chapter: Plant Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What part of the plant is referred to as the hypocotyl?

The part where the leaves develop

The main stem above the cotyledons

The portion between the roots and cotyledons

The portion between the cotyledons and the first lateral root (correct)

In hypogeal germination, where do the cotyledons remain during the process?

Inside the soil (correct)

On the surface of the soil

Attached to the radicle

Above the soil

What is the characteristic feature of epigeal germination?

Cotyledons remain underground

Seed fails to germinate

Radicle remains the only visible part

Cotyledons are pushed above the soil (correct)

What is the primary function of roots in a plant?

Absorbing water and salts from the soil Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the root protects the tender apex?

Root cap Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows after the testa is ruptured in hypogeal germination of Zea mays?

Plumule emerges from the sheath Signup and view all the answers

What does the region of elongation in the root primarily contribute to?

Growth in length of the root Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seed germination is characterized by the emergence of foliage leaves in the final stage?

Epigeal germination Signup and view all the answers

What is the part of the plant stem from which a leaf arises called?

Node Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant typically has a tall, woody, erect stem?

Trees Signup and view all the answers

What is the venation pattern typically found in dicotyledonous plants?

Reticulate venation Signup and view all the answers

How long is the life cycle of a biennial plant?

Two years Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant is adapted to survive in environments with scarce water?

Xerophytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the flattened green part of the leaf structure known as?

Lamina Signup and view all the answers

Which root system is generally associated with dicotyledonous plants?

Tap root system Signup and view all the answers

What type of leaf venation is typically found in monocotyledonous plants?

Parallel venation Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of tissues in plants?

Meristematic and permanent tissues Signup and view all the answers

What type of meristematic tissue is located at the apex of stems and roots?

Apical meristem Signup and view all the answers

Which permanent tissue is formed from the differentiation of meristematic cells?

Parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of collenchyma cells?

They have deposits of cellulose and pectin Signup and view all the answers

Which meristematic tissue gives rise to secondary permanent tissues?

Lateral meristem Signup and view all the answers

What type of permanent tissue is primarily involved in metabolic processes like photosynthesis?

Parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about simple tissues is true?

They perform a single function. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes meristematic tissues from permanent tissues?

Meristematic tissues retain the ability to divide. Signup and view all the answers

What type of vascular bundles are found in monocot stems?

Scattered and closed Signup and view all the answers

Which component is absent in the phloem of a monocot stem?

Phloem parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

Where are the metaxylem vessels located in a monocot stem?

At the upper arms Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the dicotyledonous leaf is responsible for gas exchange?

Lower epidermis Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the ground tissue in a dicotyledonous leaf?

Palisade and spongy tissue Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the vascular bundles primarily differs between dicot and monocot stems?

The arrangement of vascular bundles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lowest protoxylem in a monocot stem?

It disintegrates to form a cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thick cuticle in the upper epidermis of dicot leaves?

To reduce water evaporation Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

NADPH, oxygen, and ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs when H+ ions flow through ATP synthase?

Chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

In the light reactions, what happens to water during photolysis?

It splits, releasing oxygen, H+ ions, and electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What role does NADP+ play in the light reactions?

It captures high-energy electrons and an H+ ion to form NADPH. Signup and view all the answers

During the light reactions, which complex first absorbs solar energy?

Photosystem II (PS II) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the light reactions?

To pump protons into the thylakoid space. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a byproduct of water photolysis during the light reactions?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which statements correctly describe the role of photosystems in the light reactions?

They capture solar energy and energize electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Structure and Function

Main root can develop side branches producing lateral roots that spread in all directions.
The shoot system features a main stem carrying lateral branches that arise in the leaf axils.
Nodal regions facilitate leaf attachment; the section between two nodes is called the internode.
Stems transport nutrients, support green leaves for photosynthesis, and position flowers for pollination.

Leaf Structure

Commonly referred to as foliage leaves, typically consist of a leaf base, petiole, and leaf blade (lamina).
The midrib is the primary vein extending through the lamina, with lateral veins forming a reticulate venation in dicot plants.

Types of Plants

Herbs: Soft stems with minimal wood.
Shrubs: Short, woody, and highly branched.
Trees: Tall, woody, erect stems capable of significant growth.

Plant Life Cycle

Annuals: Complete life cycle from seed to fruit in one year or less.
Biennials: Life cycle spent over two years.
Perennials: Existing for more than two years.

Plant Classification by Environment

Xerophytes: Adapted to low water availability (e.g., desert plants).
Mesophytes: Thrive in moderate conditions (e.g., wheat).
Hydrophytes: Flourish in water-rich environments (e.g., Eichhornia spp).

Flowering Plant Groups

Dicotyledonous (Dicots): Two cotyledons, reticulate leaf venation, and a tap root system.
Monocotyledonous (Monocots): One cotyledon and distinct root system.

Seed Germination Types

Hypogeal Germination: Cotyledons remain below ground (example: broad bean, Zea mays).
Epigeal Germination: Cotyledons emerge above ground (example: Lupinus termis).

Root Anatomy and Function

Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from soil, lacking buds, leaves, flowers, nodes, or internodes.
Regions include:
- Root Cap: Protects the growing tip.
- Cell Division Region: Meristematic area of active growth.
- Elongation Region: Responsible for root length increase.

Photosynthesis

Light Reactions: Involve photosystems I and II that capture solar energy, produce ATP, and release oxygen through photolysis.
Calvin Cycle: Operates independent of light; uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugars.

Plant Tissues

Tissues: Collections of cells specializing in certain functions.
Meristematic Tissues: Actively dividing cells found in apical, lateral, or intercalary positions.
Permanent Tissues: Differentiated cells that are no longer dividing, categorized as simple or complex.

Simple Tissues

Parenchyma: Living cells involved in metabolic processes and storage.
Collenchyma: Supportive cells with thickened walls, notably at cell corners.

Vascular Tissue

Phloem: Composed of sieve tubes and companion cells, vital for nutrient transport.
Xylem: Includes metaxylem and protoxylem for water delivery, forming the structural framework of plants.

Comparative Anatomy of Plant Stems

Dicot Stem: Vascular bundles arranged in a circle, open bundles with phloem parenchyma.
Monocot Stem: Vascular bundles scattered, closed bundles without phloem parenchyma.

Leaf Anatomy

Epidermis: Upper epidermis has a thick cuticle; lower epidermis contains stomata for gas exchange and transpiration.
Mesophyll: Ground tissue between the epidermis differentiates into palisade and spongy tissue for photosynthesis.

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Description

Explore the fascinating structures of plants in this quiz focused on plant anatomy. Learn about roots, stems, leaves, and their functions in the plant's growth and development. Test your knowledge on how these components interact to support life.