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Questions and Answers
During telophase II, which of the following events occur? (Select all that apply)
During telophase II, which of the following events occur? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis?
Which of the following is TRUE about meiosis?
Which of the following is TRUE about meiosis?
What is the primary outcome of cytokinesis during telophase II?
What is the primary outcome of cytokinesis during telophase II?
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Which process creates genetic variation in offspring?
Which process creates genetic variation in offspring?
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What is the primary function of mitosis in eukaryotic organisms?
What is the primary function of mitosis in eukaryotic organisms?
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During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
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Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of prophase I of meiosis?
Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of prophase I of meiosis?
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What is the significance of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis?
What is the significance of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis?
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How does cytokinesis differ in animal cells compared to plant cells?
How does cytokinesis differ in animal cells compared to plant cells?
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What is the primary outcome of meiosis?
What is the primary outcome of meiosis?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the alignment of chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the alignment of chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis?
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What happens to the nuclear envelope during telophase of mitosis?
What happens to the nuclear envelope during telophase of mitosis?
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Study Notes
Cell Division Overview
- Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
- It is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.
- Two main types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
- Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.
- It is crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in eukaryotes.
- Mitosis involves a series of distinct phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Stages of Mitosis
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; the nuclear envelope breaks down; the mitotic spindle forms.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (equator of the cell).
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes; the mitotic spindle breaks down. Cytokinesis typically follows.
Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis.
- In animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches the cell membrane inward.
- In plant cells, a cell plate forms and grows outward to separate the daughter cells.
Meiosis
- Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell.
- It is essential for sexual reproduction.
- Meiosis involves two rounds of division, meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis I
- Prophase I: Chromosomes condense; homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis); crossing over (genetic material exchange) occurs; the nuclear envelope breaks down; the spindle forms.
- Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles; sister chromatids remain attached.
- Telophase I: Chromosomes reach the poles; nuclear envelopes may reform; cytokinesis may occur, resulting in two haploid cells.
Meiosis II
- Prophase II: Spindle fibers reform if disassembled; nuclear envelope breaks down if reformed in Telophase I; chromosomes condense.
- Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase II: Chromosomes reach the poles; nuclear envelopes reform; cytokinesis occurs, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis: Creates two identical daughter cells; used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction; one round of cell division; daughter cells are diploid.
- Meiosis: Creates four genetically unique daughter cells; used for sexual reproduction; two rounds of cell division; daughter cells are haploid.
Significance of Cell Division
- Growth: Organisms increase cell number through cell division.
- Repair: Damaged tissues are repaired by cell division replacing lost or damaged cells.
- Asexual Reproduction: Single-celled organisms reproduce asexually via cell division; many multicellular organisms use mitosis for asexual reproduction.
- Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis produces gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction, creating genetic diversity.
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Description
Explore the fundamental process of cell division with a focus on mitosis. This quiz covers the phases of mitosis including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, highlighting their significance in growth and repair. Understand the essential mechanics of how a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
