Podcast
Questions and Answers
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells are larger in size than eukaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotic cells have DNA in an unbounded region called the nucleoid. (correct)
Which process allows substances to diffuse across a biological membrane without energy investment?
Which process allows substances to diffuse across a biological membrane without energy investment?
- Active transport
- Passive transport (correct)
- Endocytosis
- Facilitated diffusion
What is a key feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiont theory?
What is a key feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiont theory?
- They grow and reproduce independently within host cells. (correct)
- They do not have ribosomes.
- They contain linear DNA molecules.
- They have a single membrane.
What is the role of anabolic pathways in metabolism?
What is the role of anabolic pathways in metabolism?
Which membrane protein function is primarily involved in the transmission of signals within a cell?
Which membrane protein function is primarily involved in the transmission of signals within a cell?
What is the main characteristic of catabolic pathways in metabolism?
What is the main characteristic of catabolic pathways in metabolism?
What is the primary difference between passive transport and active transport?
What is the primary difference between passive transport and active transport?
What is the role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
Which type of bond is formed between two oppositely charged ions?
Which type of bond is formed between two oppositely charged ions?
What occurs during a dehydration reaction?
What occurs during a dehydration reaction?
What is the primary role of ATP in the cell?
What is the primary role of ATP in the cell?
What is a characteristic of saturated fats?
What is a characteristic of saturated fats?
The structure of DNA is characterized by what type of sugar?
The structure of DNA is characterized by what type of sugar?
What type of protein structure is stabilized by interactions between side chains?
What type of protein structure is stabilized by interactions between side chains?
Which of the following accurately describes the pH scale?
Which of the following accurately describes the pH scale?
What results from the hydrolysis of a polymer?
What results from the hydrolysis of a polymer?
Which structure is formed from the association of two or more polypeptides?
Which structure is formed from the association of two or more polypeptides?
What functional role do carbohydrates primarily serve in organisms?
What functional role do carbohydrates primarily serve in organisms?
What does the law of independent assortment state?
What does the law of independent assortment state?
What is a Barr body?
What is a Barr body?
Which of the following best describes a sex-linked gene?
Which of the following best describes a sex-linked gene?
How does apoptosis protect neighboring cells?
How does apoptosis protect neighboring cells?
Which of the following statements about viral properties is accurate?
Which of the following statements about viral properties is accurate?
What is the role of myoD in muscle cell differentiation?
What is the role of myoD in muscle cell differentiation?
What is a characteristic of dsRNA viruses?
What is a characteristic of dsRNA viruses?
What occurs during the assembly phase of the viral replicative cycle?
What occurs during the assembly phase of the viral replicative cycle?
What can result from nondisjunction during meiosis?
What can result from nondisjunction during meiosis?
What is the primary function of a virus's envelope?
What is the primary function of a virus's envelope?
What does the second law of thermodynamics state about energy transfers?
What does the second law of thermodynamics state about energy transfers?
Which of the following statements accurately describes exergonic reactions?
Which of the following statements accurately describes exergonic reactions?
What role does NAD+ play during cellular respiration?
What role does NAD+ play during cellular respiration?
Which process accounts for the majority of ATP generated during cellular respiration?
Which process accounts for the majority of ATP generated during cellular respiration?
In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are used in the energy investment phase?
In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are used in the energy investment phase?
What is the primary role of histones in DNA structure?
What is the primary role of histones in DNA structure?
What is a characteristic of competitive enzyme inhibitors?
What is a characteristic of competitive enzyme inhibitors?
What is the process of converting CO2 into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle called?
What is the process of converting CO2 into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle called?
What is the function of DNA ligase during recombinant DNA technology?
What is the function of DNA ligase during recombinant DNA technology?
Which statement accurately describes transcription?
Which statement accurately describes transcription?
What is the outcome of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration?
What is the outcome of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration?
During DNA replication, what are the replication bubbles formed?
During DNA replication, what are the replication bubbles formed?
In the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is released as a waste product?
In the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is released as a waste product?
What type of enzyme inhibitors form covalent bonds with the enzyme?
What type of enzyme inhibitors form covalent bonds with the enzyme?
What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
Which type of mutation is likely to create a nonfunctional protein?
Which type of mutation is likely to create a nonfunctional protein?
What is one of the main functions of the operator in an operon?
What is one of the main functions of the operator in an operon?
How does differential gene expression contribute to cellular diversity?
How does differential gene expression contribute to cellular diversity?
During which stage of the cell cycle do chromosomes duplicate?
During which stage of the cell cycle do chromosomes duplicate?
What is the primary mechanism of regulation in the cell cycle checkpoints?
What is the primary mechanism of regulation in the cell cycle checkpoints?
Why are homologous chromosomes relevant during meiosis?
Why are homologous chromosomes relevant during meiosis?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic genes is true?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic genes is true?
What distinguishes heterozygous organisms from homozygous ones?
What distinguishes heterozygous organisms from homozygous ones?
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding genetic outcome?
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding genetic outcome?
Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane's role during binary fission?
Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane's role during binary fission?
What is the main role of transcription factors in eukaryotic gene expression?
What is the main role of transcription factors in eukaryotic gene expression?
In the context of the cell cycle, what happens during the M phase?
In the context of the cell cycle, what happens during the M phase?
Flashcards
Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. It's the strongest type of bond and essential for holding molecules together.
Ionic Bond
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. One atom loses an electron, becoming positively charged, while the other gains an electron, becoming negatively charged.
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond
A weak type of bond formed between a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) and an electronegative atom in another molecule.
pH Scale
pH Scale
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Dehydration Reaction
Dehydration Reaction
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
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Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
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Saturated Fat
Saturated Fat
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Unsaturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat
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Protein Structure: Levels
Protein Structure: Levels
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Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
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Endosymbiont Theory
Endosymbiont Theory
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Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
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Passive Transport
Passive Transport
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Catabolic Pathway
Catabolic Pathway
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Anabolic Pathway
Anabolic Pathway
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What is bioenergetics?
What is bioenergetics?
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What is the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
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What is entropy?
What is entropy?
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What is free energy?
What is free energy?
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What is an exergonic reaction?
What is an exergonic reaction?
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What is an endergonic reaction?
What is an endergonic reaction?
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What are enzyme inhibitors?
What are enzyme inhibitors?
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What are competitive inhibitors?
What are competitive inhibitors?
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What are noncompetitive inhibitors?
What are noncompetitive inhibitors?
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What are the stages of cellular respiration?
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
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What is glycolysis?
What is glycolysis?
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What is the citric acid cycle?
What is the citric acid cycle?
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What is the electron transport chain?
What is the electron transport chain?
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
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Translation
Translation
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Silent Mutation
Silent Mutation
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Missense Mutation
Missense Mutation
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Nonsense Mutation
Nonsense Mutation
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Operon
Operon
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Operator
Operator
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Repressor
Repressor
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Differential Gene Expression
Differential Gene Expression
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Control Elements
Control Elements
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Reception
Reception
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Transduction
Transduction
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Response
Response
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M Phase
M Phase
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Interphase
Interphase
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Binary Fission
Binary Fission
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Phenotype vs Genotype
Phenotype vs Genotype
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Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
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Sex-Linked Genes
Sex-Linked Genes
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X-Linked Genes
X-Linked Genes
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X Inactivation in Females
X Inactivation in Females
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Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction
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Master Regulatory Genes
Master Regulatory Genes
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Viral Properties
Viral Properties
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Viral Replicative Cycle
Viral Replicative Cycle
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Study Notes
Organization of Life Molecules
- Life's organization progresses from molecules to genetic material to macromolecules to cells.
Elements and Atoms
- Elements and atoms are fundamental components of all matter, including living organisms.
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent Bonds: Atoms share electrons, indicated by lines. A single bond shares one pair, and a double bond shares two pairs. Bonding capacity reflects the number of electrons needed to complete an atom's valence shell.
- Ionic Bonds: Formed between oppositely charged ions.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms in other molecules, crucial for water's properties.
pH Scale
- Measures acidity or basicity, ranging from 0 to 14. Each unit represents a tenfold difference.
Organic Molecules
- Hydrocarbons: Organic molecules composed solely of carbon and hydrogen.
- Macromolecules: Large molecules crucial for life's processes. They include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is a vital energy source in cells. It stores potential energy released during hydrolysis.
Polymer Synthesis and Breakdown
- Dehydration Reactions: Monomers link together, losing a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis: Polymers break down into monomers through water addition. Enzymes facilitate both reactions.
Carbohydrates
- Sugary molecules, including monosaccharides (simple sugars), serving as fuel and building material.
Fats (Lipids)
- Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature, primarily from animal sources.
- Unsaturated Fats (Oils): Liquid at room temperature, abundant in plants and fish.
Proteins
- Crucial for various life processes including: defense, storage, transport, communication, movement, support.
- Protein Structure Levels:
- Primary Structure: Linear chain of amino acids.
- Secondary Structure: Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds (alpha-helices, beta-sheets).
- Tertiary Structure: Three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between amino acid side chains.
- Quaternary Structure: Association of multiple polypeptides.
Nucleic Acids
- Store, transmit, express hereditary information.
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material composed of nucleotide monomers.
- RNA: Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis.
- Nucleotide Components: Sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine in DNA; uracil in RNA).
Cells: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
- Prokaryotic: Simple cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. DNA is in the nucleoid region.
- Eukaryotic: Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. DNA is stored in the nucleus.
Organelles and Their Functions
- Organelles are membrane-bound compartments performing specific functions. Their specific function is outlined in chapter 5.
Membrane Transport
- Passive Transport (Diffusion): Substances move down their concentration gradient (high to low) without energy input.
- Membrane Proteins: Facilitate transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, and other functions.
Metabolic Pathways
- Catabolic: Break down complex molecules, releasing energy. Examples include cellular respiration.
- Anabolic: Build complex molecules, consuming energy. Examples include protein synthesis.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Increases entropy (disorder) in the universe during energy transfers.
Free Energy and Metabolism
- Free energy (ΔG) determines the spontaneity of a reaction. Exergonic reactions release free energy, while endergonic reactions require it.
Enzyme Inhibitors
- Competitive Inhibitors: Block the active site.
- Non-competitive Inhibitors: Bind to a different site altering the active site.
Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Further oxidation of organic molecules.
- Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation): Generates ATP using an electron transport chain.
- Fermentation: Alternative pathway for ATP production in the absence of oxygen.
Photosynthesis
- Light Reactions: Convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH). Water is split, releasing oxygen.
- Calvin Cycle: Uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide.
DNA Replication
- Replication begins at origins of replication, forming replication bubbles.
- DNA replication complex unwinds DNA, enabling DNA polymerase to replicate DNA strands to ensure identical genetic material.
- DNA packing is regulated by proteins called histones. Nucleosomes are formed by DNA wrapped around protein cores of histones.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. Sticky ends facilitate bonding. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments.
Transcription
- DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA.
Translation
- RNA sequence is translated into a protein sequence.
Mutations
- Nucleotide-Pair Substitutions: Replace one nucleotide pair with another.
- Silent Mutations: Do not change the amino acid.
- Missense Mutations: Change one amino acid to another.
- Nonsense Mutations: Change an amino acid codon to a stop codon.
Gene Regulation
- Operons: Clusters of genes with coordinated regulation. Repressors bind to operators.
- Eukaryotic Regulation: Complex control elements and transcription factors regulate gene expression.
Cell Signaling
- Three stages: reception, transduction, response.
Cell Cycle
- M Phase: Mitosis and cytokinesis.
- Interphase: Cell growth and chromosome replication.
- Phases of Interphase: G1, S, G2.
- Binary Fission: Prokaryotic cell division.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
- Control the cell cycle progression, ensuring accuracy.
Meiosis
- Cell division reducing the chromosome number by half, generating genetically diverse gametes.
Genetics
- Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a trait.
- Heterozygous: Two different alleles.
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup.
- Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes segregate independently.
- Sex-linked Genes: Located on sex chromosomes.
- X-inactivation: One X chromosome inactivated in females.
- Nondisjunction: Errors in chromosome segregation during meiosis.
Viral Properties
- Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
- Viral genomics can be either ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA or dsDNA.
- Viruses require host cells to replicate
Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death.
Cellular Differentiation
- Specialization of cell types via gene expression.
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Description
Explore the organization of life from molecules to cells in this biology quiz. Understand the fundamental components of matter, the types of chemical bonds, and the significance of the pH scale. This quiz covers essential concepts related to organic molecules and macromolecules critical for living organisms.
