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Questions and Answers
Which type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons between two atoms?
Which type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons between two atoms?
What happens to energy during a synthesis reaction?
What happens to energy during a synthesis reaction?
In a decomposition reaction, what is required for the chemical bond to be broken?
In a decomposition reaction, what is required for the chemical bond to be broken?
Which type of reaction involves both formation and breaking of chemical bonds?
Which type of reaction involves both formation and breaking of chemical bonds?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
What is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
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Which factor does not influence the rate of chemical reactions?
Which factor does not influence the rate of chemical reactions?
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What effect does increasing temperature generally have on chemical reactions?
What effect does increasing temperature generally have on chemical reactions?
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In which state do reactions occur the slowest?
In which state do reactions occur the slowest?
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Which of the following compounds contains carbon-carbon (C—C) or carbon-hydrogen (C—H) bonds?
Which of the following compounds contains carbon-carbon (C—C) or carbon-hydrogen (C—H) bonds?
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What happens to the rate of reaction when the concentration of reactants increases?
What happens to the rate of reaction when the concentration of reactants increases?
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Which of the following properties of water is essential for chemical reactions to occur in the body?
Which of the following properties of water is essential for chemical reactions to occur in the body?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely to increase the pressure of the container affecting the rate of reactions?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to increase the pressure of the container affecting the rate of reactions?
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What is the pH level of neutral water?
What is the pH level of neutral water?
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What happens to blood when its pH drops below 7.35?
What happens to blood when its pH drops below 7.35?
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What is the main role of buffers in body fluids?
What is the main role of buffers in body fluids?
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How does carbon dioxide affect blood acidity?
How does carbon dioxide affect blood acidity?
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What is the formula that represents the relationship between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in maintaining acid-base balance?
What is the formula that represents the relationship between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in maintaining acid-base balance?
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Study Notes
Chemical Level of Organization
- The chemical level of organization underlies all other levels of biological organization.
- Living organisms are composed of various substances categorized as inorganic and organic compounds.
- Basic building blocks include elements, atoms, and chemical bonds.
Chemical Organization Overview
- Biological process overview:
- Basics (fundamental concepts)
- Types of substances
- Types of chemical bonds
- Chemical reactions and energy
- Water
- Salts, electrolytes, anions, and cations
- Acids, bases, buffers, pH, O₂ & CO₂
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins and enzymes
- Nucleotides
Elements and Compounds
- Elements are the fundamental pure substances. These cannot be broken down or created using typical chemical means.
- Compounds are substances made when two or more elements bond
- Atoms are the smallest parts of an element that remain unique to that element.
- Bonds are electrical attractions that hold atoms together. Covalent and hydrogen bonds are particularly significant.
Types of Bonds
- Ionic bonds: Occur between oppositely charged ions. Example: sodium and chloride in salt
- Hydrogen bonds: A hydrogen atom already bonded to an electronegative atom forms a bond with another electronegative atom in another molecule. Example: Hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules; bonds within the same molecule of water
- Covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons for mutual stabilization. Example: hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules; bonds in a single water molecule
The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions
- Chemical energy is potential energy within chemical bonds. It's released when bonds break and stored when bonds are formed.
- Types of chemical reactions:
- Synthesis (anabolic): Two or more substances combine to form a more complex substance. Example: A + B + energy —> AB
- Decomposition (catabolic): A complex substance breaks down to two or more simpler substances. Example: AB —> A + B + energy
- Exchange: Both decomposition and synthesis occur together, forming two new compounds. Example: AB+CD —> AD+CB
Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
- Properties of the reactants: -Surface area -Physical state (solid, liquid, gas)
- Temperature
- Concentration of reactants
- Pressure
- Enzymes (organic catalysts) lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction
Overview of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic compounds:
- Examples: water, carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxygen (O₂), acids, bases, salts, electrolytes.
- Organic compounds:
- Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, ATP, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
- Key difference: Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and carbon-to-carbon or carbon-to-hydrogen bonds, along with functional groups attached to a carbon-containing core.
Inorganic Molecules- Water
- Properties of water:
- Universal solvent
- Lubricant and cushion
- High specific heat
- Crucial in chemical reactions
Fluid Compartments
- Intracellular fluid (ICF):
- Largest fluid compartment
- Facilitates intracellular chemical reactions
- Extracellular fluid (ECF):
- External environment of cells
- Transports substances to and from cells
- Plasma (part of ECF):
- Fluid component of blood
- Interstitial fluid (IF) (part of ECF):
- Surrounds cells not in the blood
Composition of Body Fluids
- Plasma and interstitial fluid (ECF components) have similar chemical compositions, but intracellular fluid (ICF) has distinct differences (mainly ion concentrations, like sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate [HCO3-], chloride (Cl-) & protein anions).
- Concentration differences between ECF and ICF are importantly maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
Components of Fluid Compartments
- Solutes: dissolved substances in a solution.
- Solvent: solution that solutes dissolve into.
- Salts: ionic compounds composed of anions and cations.
- Electrolytes: conduct electrical currents in solutions.
- Acids: dissociate into hydrogen (H+) ions and anions.
- Bases: dissociate into hydroxyl (OH−) ions and cations.
The Concept of pH
- pH: a measure of acidity or alkalinity.
- Water with pH 7 is neutral.
- Lower pH values indicate acidity (e.g. blood with pH below 7.35 is acidic)
- Higher pH values indicate alkalinity.
Buffers and their effect on acids and bases
- Buffers: Solutions of weak acid and its conjugate base that help neutralize slight changes in acidity or alkalinity.
- Buffer pairs are critical in plasma and inside cells (ICF) for maintaining blood in a normal pH range.
Inorganic Molecules- O₂ and CO₂
- Oxygen (O₂): essential for complete decomposition reactions, releases energy in the body.
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂): A waste product of cellular respiration. Its presence helps maintain the appropriate acid-base balance.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the chemical level of biological organization, including the essential concepts of elements, compounds, and chemical bonds. This quiz covers various types of substances, reactions, and the role of water, salts, and organic molecules in living organisms.
