Biology Chapter 1 Key Terms

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Questions and Answers

What effect does temperature have on enzyme activity?

Higher temperatures always deactivate enzymes.

It can change the shape of the enzyme and affect its function. (correct)

Temperature has no effect on enzyme activity.

Increased temperatures always enhance enzyme function.

What is the primary role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

To consume energy and generate heat.

To facilitate reactions that build, remodel, or break down molecules. (correct)

To create energy directly from substrates.

To store substrates for future reactions.

How does active transport differ from passive transport?

Passive transport is more efficient than active transport.

Active transport relies on energy to move substances across membranes. (correct)

Passive transport requires cellular energy to function.

Active transport cannot move solutes against a concentration gradient.

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

Water moves into the cell, potentially causing it to swell. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the active site of an enzyme?

It is the region where substrates bind and reactions occur. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a community from a population in ecological terms?

A community includes multiple species, while a population consists of a single species. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines pseudoscience?

Claims or beliefs that are presented as scientific but lack empirical evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA play in living organisms?

It serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins and hereditary information. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT typically found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a control group in an experiment?

To provide a standard for comparison against the experimental group. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between hypothesis and scientific theory?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory provides a broader explanation based on a substantial body of evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?

The ability to remain static or unchanging Signup and view all the answers

What components make up an atom?

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Signup and view all the answers

What charge does a neutron carry?

No charge Signup and view all the answers

What defines a neutral atom?

An equal number of protons and electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes carbohydrates?

Consist of sugar monomers and polymers Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is known for forming tough fibers that few organisms can digest?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of unsaturated fats?

Contain at least one double bond in their fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

To provide fuel and energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A long hydrocarbon tail with a carboxyl head Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of a neutral solution?

Around 7 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in all cell types?

Cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Lack of a defined nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT found in eukaryotic cells?

Cell wall in animal cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

Energy production Signup and view all the answers

In the fluid mosaic model, which component is hydrophilic?

Phospholipid heads Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Cilia and flagella are primarily involved in which cellular function?

Movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a membrane-bound organelle?

It is separated from the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

How do cells store energy in organic molecules?

Through chemical bond formation Signup and view all the answers

What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?

Energy needed to initiate a reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary function of triglycerides?

Provide the richest energy source for the body. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of amino acid in a protein?

The R group of the amino acid. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the relationship between surface area and cell size?

Volume increases faster than surface area as a cell expands, limiting the cell size. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of unsaturated fats?

They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nucleotides in nucleic acids?

They serve as the monomers that form nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

All living organisms arise from non-living matter. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between amino acids in a polypeptide chain?

Peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in a biological system?

To lower activation energy and speed up metabolic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes phospholipids from triglycerides?

Phospholipids have one polar and two nonpolar tails. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1 Key Terms

Species - A group of similar organisms
Biology - The study of life
Atoms - The basic building blocks of matter
Molecules - Groups of atoms bonded together
Cell - The basic unit of life
Organisms - Living things
Tissues - Groups of similar cells
Organs - Groups of tissues working together
Organ systems - Groups of organs working together
Population - A group of organisms of the same species in a given area
Community - All populations of different species in a given area
Ecosystem - A community of organisms and their physical environment
Biosphere - The sum of all ecosystems
Nutrients - Substances needed by organisms for growth and survival
Producers - Organisms that make their own food
Photosynthesis - The process by which plants make food
Consumers - Organisms that eat other organisms
Homeostasis - The maintenance of a stable internal environment
DNA - The molecule that carries genetic information
Development - Growth and change over time
Growth - An increase in size
Reproduction - The production of offspring
Inheritance - Passing traits from parents to offspring
Bacteria - Single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Archaea - Single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Prokaryotes - Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes - Organisms whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Protists - A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms
Plants - Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that carry out photosynthesis
Fungi - Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing them
Animals - Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms
Taxonomy - The science of classifying organisms
Genus - A group of closely related species
Traits - Distinguishing characteristics of organisms
Taxa - Levels of classification in taxonomy
Critical thinking - The process of evaluating information and forming judgments
Science - The pursuit of knowledge through observation and experimentation
Hypothesis - A proposed explanation for an observation
Prediction - A statement of what will happen under certain conditions
Experiment - A controlled test of a hypothesis
Variables - Factors that can affect the outcome of an experiment
Data - Information collected during an experiment

Chapter 2 Key Terms

Experimental group - The group exposed to the experimental treatment
Control group - The group not exposed to the experimental treatment
Model - A simplified representation of a complex system
Scientific method - A systematic approach to scientific inquiry
Sampling error - The difference between a sample and the population
Probability - The likelihood of an event occurring
Statistically significant - A result unlikely to have occurred by chance
Scientific theory - A well-supported explanation for a natural phenomenon
Law of nature - A description of a consistent pattern in nature
Pseudoscience - A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method

Chapter 2.1 Key Terms

Electrons - Subatomic particles with a negative charge
Nucleus - The central part of an atom
Protons - Subatomic particles with a positive charge
Neutrons - Subatomic particles with no charge
Atomic number - The number of protons in an atom's nucleus
Element - A substance composed of only one type of atom
Isotopes - Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Mass number - The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
Tracers - Radioactive isotopes used to track substances in biological systems
Radioisotopes - Radioactive isotopes
Radioactive decay - The process by which unstable atoms lose energy
Shell model - Model representing atomic structure
Free radical - Chemically reactive molecule with an unpaired electron
Ion - Charged atom or molecule
Chemical bonds - Forces that hold atoms together in molecules
Compound - Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements
Ionic bond - Attraction between oppositely charged ions
Polarity - Uneven distribution of charge
pH - Measure of acidity or basicity
H+ - Hydrogen ion
OH- - Hydroxide ion
Acids - Substances that release hydrogen ions in solution
Bases - Substances that release hydroxide ions in solution
Buffer - A substance that resists changes in pH

Chapter 4 Key Terms

Energy - Capacity to do work
First Law of Thermodynamics - Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Second Law of Thermodynamics - Energy tends to disperse
Potential energy - Energy stored in arrangement of objects in a system
Reactants - Substances that enter a chemical reaction
Products - Substances that result from a chemical reaction
Activation energy - Minimum energy needed to start a reaction
Active site - Pocket in an enzyme where reactants bind
Substrate - Reactant molecule in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme
Cofactors - Non-protein molecule aiding enzyme function
Coenzyme - Organic cofactor that aids enzyme activity
Phosphorylation - Adding a phosphate group to a molecule
Metabolic pathway - Series of enzymatic reactions

Chapter 5-6 Key Terms

Cellular respiration - Process by which cells release energy from organic molecules
Aerobic respiration - Cellular respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration - Cellular respiration that does not require oxygen
Fermentation - An anaerobic process that converts pyruvate to other molecules
Glycolysis - First stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Citric acid cycle - Cyclic metabolic pathway converting pyruvate into CO2 and NADH.
Oxidative phosphorylation - Uses electron transport chains to utilize energy from NADH for ATP synthesis
Alcoholic fermentation - Anaerobic process converting pyruvate to ethanol
Lactate fermentation - Anaerobic process converting pyruvate to lactate

Chapter 7 Key Terms

Plasma membrane - Outer boundary of a cell, separating cell from its environment
Cytosol (cytoplasm)- Mixture of water and solutes inside cell.
Ribosomes - Site of protein synthesis within cells.
Nucleus - Contains genetic material (DNA) within eukaryotes.
Organelle - Specialized structure within cells with specific functions.
Surface-to-volume ratio - Relationship between surface area and volume.
Cell Theory - Fundamental concepts of cells as basic units of life.
Fluid mosaic model - Describes cell membrane fluidity, consisting of diverse molecules.
Transport proteins - Move substances across membranes.
Receptor proteins - Receive and transmit signals across membranes.
Adhesion proteins - Help cells stick together.
Flagella - Tail-like cellular extensions for movement.
Cilia - Hair-like cellular extensions for movement.
Pili - Fimbriae, protein filaments on prokaryotic cells.
Cell wall - Rigid outer layer outside the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria and some fungi.
Biofilm - Community of microbes living in a shared mass/environment.
Intermediate filaments - Fibers for supporting cell and tissue structures.
Extracellular matrix - Extracellular substance secreted by cells to support cells.
Cuticle - Secretive, external covering at cell surface.
Cell junctions - Structures connecting cells together.
Cytoplasm - Eukaryotic or prokaryotic material in cell between nuclear membrane/plasma membrane.
Endomembrane system - Organelles working together to modify, package, and transport proteins.
Rough ER - Has ribosomes, modifies and packages proteins.
Smooth ER - Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, and detoxifies substances.
Golgi apparatus - Modifies, sorts, and packages molecules.
Vesicles - Small sacs for transport within cells, containing many molecules.
Lysosomes - "Recycling centers" of cells.
Cytoskeleton- Network of protein filaments, reinforcing and regulating cell shape.
Motor proteins - Move materials along cytoskeletal fibers.
Microfilaments - Smallest cytoskeletal filaments.
Microtubules - Largest cytoskeletal fibers

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Test your understanding of essential key terms in Chapter 1 of Biology. This quiz covers important concepts such as species, ecosystems, and homeostasis, providing a comprehensive overview of fundamental biological principles. Perfect for beginners or anyone looking to refresh their knowledge in the subject.