Study Guide Midterm PDF

[Chapter 1] Key Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. **Explain biology as a process of scientific discovery** - Wha...

[Chapter 1] Key Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. **Explain biology as a process of scientific discovery** - What is the study of life? What is pseudoscience? Describe some examples of each. **Determine the levels of organization of matter** - ○ What are each of the levels of organization? - ○ Describe the differences between a population, community, and ecosystem. **Describe the underlying characteristics that unite all living things** - What are the major principles of living things? - What is the difference between a producer and a consumer? - What is homeostasis? - How does energy move within an ecosystem? Is heat a usable energy source? - What is a nutrient? How do nutrients move within an ecosystem? - What is the purpose of DNA? Do all living things contain DNA? **Explain the taxonomic organization of the three domains of living things based on cellular structure: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya** - What are characteristics of the three Domains? - What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell? - What are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell? What components are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - What are the four main groups of eukaryotes? - The Linnaean System - How are species classified? What are the components of the scientific name? - What techniques to biologists use to determine the species of living things? What is the biological species concept? **Apply experimental design by analyzing the design components of experiments for cause and effect relationships** - Describe the components of an experiment: - What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory? - What is a Control Group? - What is an Experimental Group? - What is a dependent variable? What is an independent variable? - What is critical thinking? - What is sampling error and how do scientists avoid this when developing an experiment? **Explain pseudoscience.** - Compare and contrast what would be seen in natural science vs. pseudoscience. [Chapter 2] Key Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. [Chapter 2.1] Key Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. **Identify the subatomic particles and their charges within an atom.** - What is an element? What is an atom? What are the components of an atom? An element is a pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons. An atom is the smallest unit of matter. Atoms consist of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. - What are the charges of a proton, neutron, and electron? **Examine the types of chemical bonds found within specific compounds** - What does it mean when an atom is neutral? What does it mean when an atom is positively or negatively charged? - What are chemical bonds? **Correlate the use of buffers on acids and bases to manipulate the pH of solutions** - What is the pH of a solution? What would cause the pH of a solution to become more acidic or basic? - How does the H+ ion concentration affect the pH of a solution? - What are the pH ranges for an acidic, basic or neutral solution? **Define organic molecules and explore the structures and functions of the molecules of life: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids** - Describe the structure and function of **Carbohydrates.** Carbohydrates consist of a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Used for fuel, as structural materials, and for storing energy. - What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates? Sugar or a polymer made from sugar monomers. - What are some monosaccharide and polysaccharide examples? Monosaccharide -- Glucose Polysaccharide -- Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen. - Describe the characteristics of the following polysaccharides: glycogen, cellulose, starch. Glycogen -- consists of highly branched chains of glucose monomers. Cellulose -- hydrogen bonds stabilize long straight chains of glucose monomers. The cross-linked chains form long tough fibers that few organisms can digest. Starch -- consists of long coiled chains of glucose monomers. - Describe the structure and function of **Lipids**. - What are the general properties of fatty acids? How do these properties contribute to the phospholipid bilayer? Fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon "tail" with a carboxyl group "head". - What is the differences in structure and function of saturated and unsaturated fats? Saturated fats have three saturated fatty acid tails or single bonds linking the carbons in their tails. Whereas unsaturated fats have one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails or at least one double bond between carbons making up its tail. - What are some food sources of saturated fats? What about unsaturated fats? Saturated Fats -- Butter and Lard. Unsaturated Fats - Oils - What is the structure and function of a triglyceride? What is the major structure and function of a phospholipid? Three fatty acids bonded to the same glycerol. Most abundant and richest energy source. Lipid with two (hydrophobic) fatty acid tails and a (hydrophilic) head that contains a phosphate group. Main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes. - Describe the structure and function of **Proteins.** Move substances, help cells communicate, and defend the body. - What are the monomers of proteins? What are the polymers of proteins? - What are the components of an amino acid? Which component determines the amino acid type? Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and one of 20 R groups, all bonded to the same carbon atom. R group. - What bonds are found between the amino acids within a polypeptide? Peptide Bond forms between the carboxyl group of the first amino acid and the amine group of the second. - What is the function enzymes? Carry out reactions that collectively constitute a cell's metabolism. - Describe the structure and function of **Nucleic Acids** - What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Nucleotides - What is the function of Nucleic Acids? [Chapter 3] Key Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. **Explain the cell theory** - What are the components/principles of the cell theory? Every living organism consists of one or more cells, the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life cells are individually alive even as part of a muticelled organism, all living cells arise by division of preexisting cells. - What kind of aspects will limit the size of the cell? How is the surface area and volume of the cell related? **Surface-to-volume ratio** when a cell expands in diameter its volume increases faster than its surface area does. Limits cell size and influences cell shape. - How did the microscope contribute to the development of the cell theory? Typical cells are visible only with the help of microscopes. Different microscopy techniques reveal different aspects of cell structure. **Recognize the differences in structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells** - What components are found in all cell types? - What are some cellular structures shared by bacteria and eukarya? What are some cellular structures found in eukaryotic cells but not bacteria? - What are some cellular structures found in plant cells but not animal cells? **Outline the structure and function of the cell membrane with regard to water balance and the fluid mosaic model** - Describe the overall structure of the lipid bilayer. - What are the properties of the phospholipid? Which component is hydrophilic and hydrophobic? How do each of those components interact with water? - What is the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane? How do phospholipids contribute to this model? **Identify the functions and relationships of specific organelles and extracellular structures of eukaryotic cells** - What are the functions of the following cellular structures? - Nucleus - Cytosol - Cytoplasm - Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - Mitochondria - Chloroplast - Ribosomes - Flagella - Cilia - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Golgi Apparatus (body) - Transport Vesicles - What does it mean to be a "membrane bound" organelle? - What cell types would have a flagellum? How do cilia and flagella allow for movement in different cells? - What organelles are involved in the endomembrane system? - What is a biofilm? Give an example. [Chapter 4] Key Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. **Explain the relationship between reactants and products** - What are reactants and products within a reaction? During a reaction the **reactant** molecule that I changed by the reaction produces the **products**. Substrates a reactant in an enzyme mediated reaction. - What is activation energy and how do cells store and retrieve energy from organic molecules? Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction. Cells store energy in chemical bonds by assembling organic molecules. The retrieve the stored energy by breaking the bonds of these molecules. - What is the first law of thermodynamics? Give an example. The **First law of Thermodynamics** is energy cannot be created or destroyed. - What is the second law of thermodynamics? Give an example. The **Second law of Thermodynamics** is energy tends to spontaneously spread out or disperse. Ex: cooling of a hot pan - What is the definition of work? What is ATP? **Identify the function and aspects of enzymes within metabolic pathways** - What is the function of enzymes? What is enzyme specificity? What is the active site? An **enzyme** are proteins that speed up particular reaction without being changed by it. **Active site** is a pocket where **substrates** bind and the reaction occurs. - Describe some of the effects that can cause enzymes to not work properly. Temperature, pH, and salts (changes shape and effects function) - What is the purpose of enzymes in a metabolic pathway? Enzyme mediated reactions that collectively build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule in a stepwise series. **Compare and contrast the processes and cellular mechanisms of substance movement across cell membranes** - What is the difference between passive and active transport? Passive (no energy) Active transport (uses energy) - How does concentration gradient affect passive transport? - What are the differences between the major types of passive transport? - Describe the movement of a solute via diffusion. - How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion? - What is osmosis? What determines the movement of the water across the cell membrane? - How are solutions described in terms of concentration of solutes? What do these terms mean? - When a cell interacts with a **hypertonic** solution what kind of movement occurs across the membrane? - When a cell interacts with a **hypotonic** solution what kind of movement occurs across the membrane? - What does it mean when solutions are isotonic? Describe the water/solute movement. - Give examples of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. [Chapter 6] Key Terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **Compare and contrast the components and relationships of aerobic and anaerobic processes. Describe the main stages of aerobic respiration (cellular respiration)** - Identify the components of aerobic respiration (equation) - Identify the location of **Glycolysis**. - What are the reactants and products of Glycolysis? What is the ATP yield? - Identify the location of **Acetyl CoA**. - What are the reactants and products of Acetyl CoA formation? What is the ATP yield? - Identify the location of **Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle)**. - What are the reactants and products of Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle)? What is the ATP yield? - Identify the location of **Oxidative Phosphorylation**. - What are the reactants and products of Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)? What is the ATP yield? - Describe the pathway for the H+ ions and electrons during oxidative phosphorylation. What is the final electron acceptor? - What powers ATP synthase? **Explore the alternate pathways in which organic compounds are broken down within the body** - Describe ATP formation in terms of fermentation - Why does fermentation of glucose yield less ATP than aerobic respiration? - Understand the differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation types: - What are the reactants and products of Lactic acid fermentation? - What are the reactants and products of Alcoholic fermentation? Notes: - Ends in a's is an enzyme - Peroxisomes breaking down toxins - 3 units of sugar or more are complex carbs - Energy in the body is ATP \*Difference between reactants and products\* C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + 36ATP \- Proteins that become denatured make prions Cofactors - associate with an enzyme and are necessary for its function Coenzymes are organic cofactors that can change (ATP) \*Slide 17\* Electron transfer chain- slow release of energy In fermentation, ATP is formed by glycolysis only Net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule