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Questions and Answers
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the cell?
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the cell?
What does NAD^+^ do in the citric acid cycle?
What does NAD^+^ do in the citric acid cycle?
Which stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?
Which stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?
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What is the main difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation?
What is the main difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation?
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Which organelle is responsible for extracting energy from food?
Which organelle is responsible for extracting energy from food?
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What is the primary function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
What is the primary function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
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What distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
What distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
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What is true about the cell membrane?
What is true about the cell membrane?
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In which type of solution does a cell swell due to water moving in?
In which type of solution does a cell swell due to water moving in?
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Which process requires energy and moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration?
Which process requires energy and moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration?
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What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
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What is a consequence of penicillin's effect on bacteria?
What is a consequence of penicillin's effect on bacteria?
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What determines statistical significance in hypothesis testing?
What determines statistical significance in hypothesis testing?
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Which of the following statements about atomic structure is true?
Which of the following statements about atomic structure is true?
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What type of bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?
What type of bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for evaluating scientific information?
Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for evaluating scientific information?
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Which of the following best describes hydrolysis?
Which of the following best describes hydrolysis?
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What characterizes bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
What characterizes bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
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What is the primary role of lipids in biological systems?
What is the primary role of lipids in biological systems?
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Which statement about cohesion and adhesion in water is true?
Which statement about cohesion and adhesion in water is true?
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Which macronutrient breaks down into fatty acids and glycerol?
Which macronutrient breaks down into fatty acids and glycerol?
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What type of reaction synthesizes new structures from smaller subunits?
What type of reaction synthesizes new structures from smaller subunits?
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What is produced during photosynthesis when light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll?
What is produced during photosynthesis when light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a micronutrient?
Which of the following is NOT considered a micronutrient?
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Which of the following processes involves the conversion of inorganic carbon into an organic molecule?
Which of the following processes involves the conversion of inorganic carbon into an organic molecule?
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What gas comprises approximately 21% of Earth's atmosphere?
What gas comprises approximately 21% of Earth's atmosphere?
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What is the primary function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
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Which term describes the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C?
Which term describes the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C?
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Study Notes
Chapter 1
- Theory is a hypothesis that has never been disproved.
- Evidence types: anecdotal and scientific.
- Independent variable: factor changed in the experimental group.
- Dependent variable: measured result of the experiment.
- Epidemiology: study of patterns of disease in a population.
- Correlation does not prove causation.
- Evaluating scientific information: consider study size, bias, model systems, replication, funding source, publication reputation, and avoid hyped language.
- A p-value less than 0.5 indicates statistical significance.
Chapter 2
- Living organisms grow, reproduce, sense stimuli, maintain homeostasis, and obtain and use energy.
- All life evolved from a common ancestor.
- Eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, animals) and prokaryotes (archaea, bacteria).
- Matter is made of elements which are made of atoms.
- Atoms have protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.
- Atoms combine to form molecules.
- Different atoms form compounds.
- Atoms bond to form molecules (ionic or covalent).
- Polar molecules: unequal sharing of electrons.
- Nonpolar molecules: equal sharing of electrons.
- Polar molecules exhibit cohesion and adhesion.
- Cohesion occurs when water molecules stick together.
- Adhesion happens when water molecules stick to other polar substances.
- Water’s properties allow it to form a meniscus.
Chapter 3
- Cell theory: cells are the fundamental units of life, all living things are composed of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and all cells come from a common ancestor.
- Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack internal membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells (animals, plants) have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus and are larger.
- Eukaryotic cells: contain organelles and DNA in the nucleus, plant cells also have cell walls and chloroplasts, animal cells have lysosomes.
- Nucleus: contains DNA, surrounded by a double membrane.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) : network of membrane pipes for protein and lipid synthesis.
- Rough ER: contains ribosomes (protein synthesis).
- Smooth ER: lipid production.
- Golgi Apparatus: packages and modifies proteins.
- Mitochondria: converts food energy into usable energy for the cell, bean shaped.
- Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis in plants and algae, found in plants and algae.
- Lysosomes: digestive and recycling centers.
- Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers that provide support and movement.
- Cell membrane: all cells have a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, a boundary.
- Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Osmosis: water movement across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high.
- Hypotonic solution: lower solute concentration than the cell (water moves into the cell, cell swells).
- Hypertonic solution: higher solute concentration than the cell (water moves out of the cell, cell shrinks).
- Isotonic solution: same solute concentration as the cell (no net movement and cell stays at the same size).
Chapter 4
- Macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats).
- Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars.
- Proteins are broken down into amino acids.
- Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
- Micronutrients: minerals (inorganic elements) and vitamins (organic molecules).
- Metabolism: all chemical reactions in the body (catabolic and anabolic).
- ATP is the energy currency of cells (chemical-work, transport-work, mechanical work).
Chapter 5
- Heat transfer: thermal energy from one body to another.
- Autotrophs (like plants) capture energy from sunlight.
- Heterotrophs (animals) get energy from consuming other organisms.
- Photosynthesis: light energy converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast.
- Chlorophyll absorbs photons and excites electrons.
- ATP and NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle to form glucose.
- Atmosphere composition: nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide.
- Ocean acidification: CO2 reacting with water to form carbonic acid.
Chapter 6
- Calorie: unit of energy; amount of energy to increase the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C.
- Glycogen: short-term energy storage in muscle and liver cells.
- Triglycerides: long-term energy storage.
- Aerobic respiration (glucose + oxygen → ATP + water + carbon dioxide).
- Stages: glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and electron transport chain.
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm breaks sugar into pyruvate molecules.
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle): occurs in mitochondria, pyruvates modified and enter the cycle, release carbon dioxide.
- Electron Transport Chain: in mitochondria (electrons passed along a chain, oxygen receives electrons and water forms).
- Fermentation: anaerobic respiration (occurs in cytoplasm, less ATP produced).
Chapter 7
- Helicase: enzyme unwinds DNA for replication.
- RNA doesn’t contain thymine.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in Biology from Chapters 1 and 2. It explores the scientific method, the nature of living organisms, and fundamental biological processes. Test your understanding of key terms such as variables, epidemiology, cell types, and atomic structure.
