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Questions and Answers
What is the scientific study of life called?
What is the scientific study of life called?
Biology
What are the three domains of life?
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria and Archaea are eukaryotes.
Bacteria and Archaea are eukaryotes.
False (B)
Which of the following is NOT a eukaryotic kingdom?
Which of the following is NOT a eukaryotic kingdom?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five themes of biology?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five themes of biology?
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The smallest unit of life is the ______.
The smallest unit of life is the ______.
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What are the two main parts of cell theory?
What are the two main parts of cell theory?
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What is a micrograph?
What is a micrograph?
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Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
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Eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
Eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
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What are the main functions of proteins in a cell?
What are the main functions of proteins in a cell?
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What is a gene?
What is a gene?
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Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?
Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?
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What is the function of ribosomes?
What is the function of ribosomes?
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What is the endomembrane system?
What is the endomembrane system?
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The rough ER is involved in lipid synthesis.
The rough ER is involved in lipid synthesis.
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What are the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?
What are the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is a vacuole?
What is a vacuole?
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Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
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What is the cytoskeleton?
What is the cytoskeleton?
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Cilia and flagella are both involved in cell movement.
Cilia and flagella are both involved in cell movement.
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What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
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Interphase is the period of active cell division.
Interphase is the period of active cell division.
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Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the mitotic (M) phase?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the mitotic (M) phase?
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Flashcards
Biology definition
Biology definition
Scientific study of life.
Scientific method, steps
Scientific method, steps
Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion.
Domains
Domains
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya; kingdoms include plantae, animalia, fungi, protists.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
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Eukarya
Eukarya
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Five themes of biology
Five themes of biology
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Evolution
Evolution
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Cell as smallest unit of life
Cell as smallest unit of life
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Cell theory
Cell theory
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Micrograph
Micrograph
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Organelles
Organelles
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Cell cycle
Cell cycle
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Genetic variation
Genetic variation
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Viruses
Viruses
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Vaccines
Vaccines
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DNA structure
DNA structure
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Nucleotides
Nucleotides
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Base pairing
Base pairing
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DNA replication
DNA replication
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Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction
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Syndrome
Syndrome
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Human chromosome numbers
Human chromosome numbers
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Study Notes
Biology Definitions and Concepts
- Biology: The scientific study of life.
Scientific Method
- The scientific method involves these steps: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, and conclusion.
Domains and Kingdoms
- Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- Eukaryotic Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protists.
- Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes – smaller, simpler, and evolved earlier than eukaryotes.
Five Themes
- Interconnections: Life depends on interactions within and between biological levels.
- Information Flow: Information is stored, transmitted, and used throughout living systems.
- Energy and Matter Transformations: All biological systems obtain, convert, and release energy and matter.
- Structure and Function: Structure and function are interconnected.
- Evolution: Descent with modification (explains the unity and diversity of life).
Cells: The Basic Units of Life
- Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are made of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Micrograph: A photograph taken with a microscope.
- Smallest unit of life: The cell.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic Structures: Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosome (DNA in nucleoid region), ribosomes, cell wall (in most), capsule, pili, flagella.
- Eukaryotic Structures: Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall (in most).
Cellular Organelles
- Organelles: Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid that suspends organelles in the cell.
- Plasma Membrane: Separates the living cell from its surroundings, regulates traffic in/out of the cell. Its structure is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.
- Cell Wall: A rigid structure providing support to the cell. Plants and some protists have cell walls.
- Extracellular Matrix (Animal): A sticky coat that holds animal cells together, protects and supports them, and involved in cell junctions.
- Proteins: The workhorses of the cell, performing various functions like structure, transport, and defense. Their code is stored in DNA.
- Genes: Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
- Chromatin: The DNA is coiled with proteins.
- Chromosome: Tightly packed chromatin.
Nucleus
- Nucleus: Stores DNA, contains a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores, and houses a nucleolus (involved in ribosome production).
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
- DNA-RNA-Protein Pathway: DNA (in the nucleus) creates RNA, which carries the code for proteins to ribosomes for production.
Endomembrane System
- Endomembrane System: A system of interconnected organelles that makes, processes, and distributes cell products. Includes nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, synthesizes proteins and phospholipids.
- Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids like steroids and detoxifies drugs.
Golgi Apparatus
- Golgi Apparatus: Processes and sorts proteins, and ships them via vesicles.
Vesicles
- Vesicles: Small membrane-bound sacs used for transport within the cell.
Vacuoles
- Vacuoles: Large membrane-bound sacs involved in diverse functions like food storage, water storage, and waste disposal. In plants, the central vacuole is important for storing water and other materials.
Lysosomes
- Lysosomes: Vesicles containing enzymes that break down large molecules.
Chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts: Organelles in plant and algal cells responsible for photosynthesis. They convert light energy into chemical energy (sugars).
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration. They transform chemical energy from sugars into ATP, a usable form of energy for the cell.
Cytoskeleton
- Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers that maintains cell shape and enables movement. It anchors organelles and often helps move them within the cell.
- Microtubules: Hollow protein tubes part of the cytoskeleton involved in cell division and movement (cilia, flagella).
- Cilia and Flagella: Microtubules extending from the cell that are used in movement (cilia-short, numerous; flagella-longer, fewer).
Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle: Sequence of events from formation of a cell to its division into two daughter cells. It has two major phases: Interphase and the Mitotic (M) Phase.
Interphase
- Interphase: The longest part of the cell cycle. Cells grow, perform normal functions and duplicate structures (including DNA) for division.
Mitotic (M) Phase
- Mitotic (M) Phase: Active cell division; it promotes Growth and development, replacement/repair, and asexual reproduction (genetic duplicates).
Chromosomes
-
Chromatin: DNA coiled with proteins, seen during interphase.
-
Chromosome: Tightly packed chromatin (during cell division).
-
S Phase (Interphase): DNA synthesis occurs where copies of chromosomes are made; sister chromatids are formed.
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Sister Chromatids: Two identical copies of a chromosome held together at the centromere.
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Centromere: Region where sister chromatids are joined.
Mitosis
- Mitosis: Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei (part of the Mitotic phase). It is a continuous sequence divided into these main phases:
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (sister chromatids), nuclear envelope breaks down. The mitotic spindle begins to form.
- Metaphase: Spindle fibers fully developed, chromosomes line up in the middle.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate as spindles shorten, chromosomes move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Spindle disassembles, nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin.
Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm into two cells.
- Animal Cytokinesis: Cleavage (formation of cleavage furrow) - pinching of the membrane.
- Plant Cytokinesis: Formation of a cell plate; a membranous disk becomes a new cell wall dividing parent and daughter cells.
Cell Cycle Control System
- Cell Cycle Control System: Regulates the timing of cell division. It has checkpoints where cells receive signals to "stop" or "go ahead" (usually through special proteins).
Cancer
- Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division resulting from mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle control system. Tumors can be benign (stay at the original site) or malignant (spread to other tissues – metastasis) .
- Treatments & Prevention: Treatments include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy; Prevention includes avoiding smoking, adequate exercise, sun exposure, and a diet high in fiber and low in fat.
Meiosis
- Meiosis: Special process used to produce gametes (egg and sperm) for sexual reproduction. Creates 4 cells with half the chromosome number (haploid, n).
- Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction is favored when mates are scarce; sexual reproduction provides high genetic variation.
Haploid and Diploid
- Haploid (n): Single set of chromosomes (gametes).
- Diploid(2n): Two sets of chromosomes (most body cells).
Homologous Chromosomes
- Homologous Chromosomes: Matched pairs of chromosomes (same length and have genes for the same traits); one from each parent.
Sex Chromosomes
- Sex Chromosomes: The pair of chromosomes determining sex (XX or XY).
Meiosis Stages (Meiosis I & II)
- Meiosis I Separates homologous chromosomes.
- Meiosis II Separates sister chromatids.
- Crossing Over - Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I.
- Independent Assortment - Random alignment of homologous pairs during Metaphase I. These are two major sources of genetic variation in sexual reproduction.
Meiosis Mistakes - Nondisjunction
- Nondisjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis, resulting in abnormal chromosome numbers.
Syndromes
- Syndromes: Characteristic sets of symptoms from differing chromosome numbers (e.g., Down syndrome from an extra chromosome 21).
DNA Structure and Replication
- DNA Structure: Double helix (twisted ladder) composed of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides: Building blocks of DNA; each has a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base.
- Base Pairing: A-T and G-C (in DNA).
- DNA Replication: Process of making a copy of DNA (occurs during the S phase). It is fast and accurate, and also involves repair of some DNA damage.
- DNA Polymerases: Enzymes that bond nucleotides together during replication – and also proofread for errors.
- Origin of Replication: Multiple sites where replication begins.
Viruses
- Virus Structure: DNA or RNA with a protein coat (may have an outer membrane).
- Virus Reproduction: Viruses infect host cells, replicate their genetic material into new viral components, and assemble new viruses
- Viral Infection: Viruses infect a wide variety of organisms including bacteria, plants, and animals.
- Viral Diseases: Viral infections can cause various human diseases.
- DNA & RNA Viruses -Different viruses use different modes of replication to infect and cause diseases depending on their genetics (RNA or DNA). The DNA/RNA viruses mutate rapidly causing new diseases, while others cause the same diseases recurring throughout life (e.g., Chicken pox/Shingles).
- Treatment: Vaccines prepare the immune system to later exposure.
Additional Concepts
- Antibiotics: Treat bacterial, not viral, infections.
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Description
This quiz covers essential biology concepts, including definitions, the scientific method, domains and kingdoms, and the five themes of biology. Test your understanding of how life is studied scientifically and the basic units that make up the living world.
