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Questions and Answers
Which type of isolation occurs when species mate during different times of the year?
Which type of isolation occurs when species mate during different times of the year?
What characterizes homologous structures in various species?
What characterizes homologous structures in various species?
What term describes features or organs that have lost their original function through evolution?
What term describes features or organs that have lost their original function through evolution?
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
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Which of the following structures provide evidence of convergent evolution?
Which of the following structures provide evidence of convergent evolution?
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What does the term 'niche' refer to in ecology?
What does the term 'niche' refer to in ecology?
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What is indicated by the term 'fitness' in an evolutionary context?
What is indicated by the term 'fitness' in an evolutionary context?
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Which type of structures arise from species having similar purposes but differing in physical anatomy?
Which type of structures arise from species having similar purposes but differing in physical anatomy?
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Study Notes
Variables in Experiments
- Independent variable: The variable manipulated in an experiment to see its effect.
- Dependent variable: The variable measured in the experiment.
- Control: An element that stays constant, unaffected by other variables.
Investigation Plan Components
- Summary of complaint
- Legal theories
- Investigation strategy and evidence sources
- Personnel and resources
- Milestones and timelines
Claims, Evidence, and Reasoning
- Claim: Conclusion based on evidence
- Evidence: Data used to support the claim
- Reasoning: Explanation connecting the claim to evidence
Carrying Capacity
- Carrying capacity: The maximum population a region can support without environmental degradation.
- Graphically represented by two lines: one showing capacity, and the other indicating if the population meets or exceeds or falls short.
Niche Partitioning
- Niche partitioning: Competing species dividing resources to reduce competition and coexist.
- Results in different niches for each species.
- Allows species to coexist without direct competition.
Natural Selection
- Mechanism of evolution: Organisms better adapted to their environment survive and pass on beneficial traits.
- Increases species divergence over time.
- Non-random mating: Preferred mating with particular genotypes.
Evolutionary Concepts
- Evolution: Development and diversification of species from earlier forms over time.
- Biodiversity: Variety of life, habitats, or ecosystems.
- Geographical isolation: Separation of populations by physical barriers.
- Fossils: Preserved remains of prehistoric organisms.
- Vestigial structures: Structures that have lost their original function through evolution.
Speciation & Evolution
- Speciation: Formation of new species.
- Analogous structures: Similar function, different structure (e.g., bat wings vs. butterfly wings).
- Homologous structures: Similar structure, different function (e.g., human hand vs. bird wing).
- Disruptive selection: Favors extreme traits in an environment.
- Stabilizing selection: Favors moderate or average traits.
- Directional selection: Favors one extreme trait over the other.
Geological Time & Fossils
- Fossils show changes in Earth's environment and life forms.
- Fossil records provide evidence of evolutionary change.
Natural Selection
- Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Bacteria & Antibiotic Resistance
- Bacteria are essential for many biological processes.
- Antibiotic resistance: Evolution of bacteria that can withstand antibiotics.
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes (bacteria): Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Eukaryotes: Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
Cell Structure
- Cell structure: Bacteria have cell walls, membranes, and DNA.
- Bacterial Shapes: Coccus (round), bacillus (rod), spirillum (spiral).
- Gram Staining: A technique to differentiate bacteria by cell wall structure (positive or negative).
Cell Reproduction
- Bacteria reproduce by binary fission (splitting in half).
Environmental Factors
- Environmental factors (temperature, pH, nutrients) affect bacterial growth.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in biology and experimental design, including variables such as independent and dependent variables, as well as the importance of carrying capacity and niche partitioning. It also touches on the investigation plan components involving claims, evidence, and reasoning. Test your understanding of these essential topics!
