BIOL305 Lecture 35: Development and Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is recombinant DNA technology primarily used for?

  • Processing financial transactions
  • Studying economic models
  • Creating transgenic animals and gene therapy (correct)
  • Developing agricultural methods

    • DNA sequencing allows us to determine the precise sequence of amino acids in proteins.

    False

    What role do primers play in DNA sequencing?

    Primers initiate DNA synthesis.

    The process of DNA amplification is commonly achieved through __________.

    <p>PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>DNA sequencing = Determining the precise sequence of bases in DNA Gene therapy = Introducing genes into a patient's cells to treat disease Gel electrophoresis = A technique to separate DNA fragments DNA polymerase = An enzyme that replicates DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to separate DNA strands based on size?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is positively charged and moves towards the negative electrode during electrophoresis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the size of DNA bands indicate in the gel electrophoresis process?

    <p>The size of the DNA fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gel electrophoresis, smaller DNA fragments move _____ than larger fragments.

    <p>faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of DNA sequencing with their respective functions:

    <p>Gel electrophoresis = Separation of DNA fragments based on size Electric field = Drives the movement of DNA Laser analysis = Read the separated DNA sequence Negatively charged DNA = Moves towards the positive electrode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use for transgenic plants?

    <p>Manufacture human proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transgenic animals are easier to create than transgenic plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of creating transgenic bacteria?

    <p>To manufacture human proteins like insulin and growth hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Golden rice is engineered to have higher levels of ________, which can be converted into vitamin A.

    <p>beta carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following transgenic animal applications with their descriptions:

    <p>bGH = Used to promote faster animal growth Transgenic mice = Used to study human diseases like Alzheimer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT mentioned as a way to generate transgenic animals?

    <p>Gene editing using CRISPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edible vaccines are being researched primarily in bananas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary output of the laser scanning process on the gel?

    <p>A graphic display of nucleotides by size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Genome Project was completed in 2000.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is used to join fragments of DNA together.

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions in recombinant DNA technology:

    <p>Restriction enzymes = Cut DNA at specific sites DNA ligase = Join fragments of DNA Plasmids = Carry desired genes into bacteria Gel electrophoresis = Separate DNA strands by size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human DNA sequence was mapped during the Human Genome Project?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Genome Project is considered one of the greatest biological feats of the 21st century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plasmids used for in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Plasmids are used to carry desired genes into bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 35: Studying Development and Disease

    • The lecture was given by Dr. Nayantara Govindrajan, PhD on December 4th, 2024, for BIOL305 Fall 2024.

    Lecture Outcomes

    • Recombinant DNA technology is used to study development and disease.
    • DNA sequencing and gene cloning are key processes.
    • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is used for DNA amplification.
    • Genetic engineering creates transgenic animals and is used for gene therapy.

    Biotechnology

    • Biotechnology is the technical application of biological knowledge and engineering to human purposes.
    • It has applications in commercial, industrial, and health sectors.
    • Recombinant DNA technology, genetic engineering, and gene therapy are included in biotechnology.

    Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Involves combining DNA from two or more sources.
    • DNA sequencing allows identification of the order of bases in DNA.
    • Uses include primers to start DNA synthesis and fluorescently labeled nucleotides in sequencing.
    • Enzymes like DNA polymerase are used which replicates DNA.
    • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments.

    DNA Sequencing

    • Step 1: The extracted DNA fragment is amplified using DNA polymerase, mixed with primers, and labeled nucleotides.
    • Primers bind to a region in the DNA and act as a starting point to synthesize a new DNA strand.
    • Fluorescent nucleotides are added one by one for the growing strand to follow complementary base pairing, which leads to synthesis stopping.
    • Step 2: DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis based on their size in a gel matrix.
    • Step 3: Lasers read the locations of the nucleotides and create a graphic display of the nucleotides in the new strands.

    The Human Genome Project

    • From 1990-2003, the Human Genome Project mapped the human DNA sequence.
    • It is considered a major biological feat of the 20th century.
    • DNA sequencing technology was used and optimized.
    • The sequences of humans and other model organisms are publicly available.

    Recombinant DNA Technology: Gene Cloning

    • Cutting, splicing, and copying of DNA is part of recombinant DNA technology.
    • Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites.
    • Palindromes are specific sequences where restriction enzymes cut (DNA sequence is symmetrical).
    • DNA ligase joins DNA fragments.
    • Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA used for amplifying genes.

    Gene Cloning

    • The same restriction enzyme is used to create complementary single-stranded fragments.
    • Circular bacterial plasmids are created that contain human DNA.
    • Bacteria with the desired plasmids are chosen and cloned.

    Cloning DNA Fragments (PCR)

    • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) rapidly amplifies DNA sequences to create millions of copies.
    • It requires DNA template, primers, heat-stable DNA polymerase.
    • Repeated heating and cooling cycles allow rapid amplification of a DNA sequence defined by the primers.

    PCR Steps

    • The double-stranded DNA is unwound by heat to use as templates.
    • Primers bind to the templates.
    • Primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase are added.
    • Nucleotides attach to DNA strands in sequence and the DNA strands replicate.
    • The number of double-stranded DNA molecules doubles in each cycle.

    DNA Fingerprinting

    • Identifies the source of a DNA fragment and used in forensics, paternity testing, and genealogy.
    • Based on the repeating sequences of base-pairs, called STRs (Short Tandem Repeats).
    • The number of repeats is highly variable between individuals.
    • PCR and restriction enzyme digestion are used to reveal the STR patterns.
    • DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and the DNA Fingerprint is produced.

    DNA Fingerprinting (Process)

    • DNA is collected and amplified (PCR).
    • DNA is cut with restriction enzymes.
    • Different individuals have different lengths of STRs.
    • Fragments vary in size due to varying numbers of STRs.
    • Gel electrophoresis separates fragments by size showing the DNA fingerprint.

    Question Break (Scenario)

    • A jewelry store break-in.
    • DNA samples taken from glass at the crime scene.
    • Four suspects have DNA samples tested for comparison.
    • A suspect's DNA fingerprint matches the fingerprints found at the crime scene.

    Genetic Engineering to Create Transgenic Organisms

    • Transgenic organisms are genetically altered by having recombinant DNA introduced.
    • Bacteria are modified to produce proteins like insulin.
    • Plants are genetically modified for traits like pest-resistance and increased nutrition (Vitamin A-enriching rice).
    • Animals are modified to produce proteins like bovine growth hormone.
    • Animals used in biomedical research (e.g., modelling human diseases like Alzheimer's disease)

    Gene Therapy

    • Human genes are inserted into human cells to correct or treat diseases.
    • Methods are used to introduce genes into the correct target cells.
    • Obstacles include difficulty delivering genes, gene expression issues, and inability for corrective genes to be passed to offspring.

    Gene Therapy Delivery

    • Vectors (e.g., retroviruses), including viral and non-viral methods, are used to deliver the desired gene to patient cells.
    • Non-viral methods (like liposomes) or electroporation are used to deliver DNA and reduce the risk of immune response.
    • Viral vectors, including retroviruses, are more efficient but may cause infections or immune responses.

    Review

    • Recombinant DNA technology alters DNA.
    • DNA sequencing determines base order.
    • PCR amplifies DNA fragments.
    • Cloning uses restriction enzymes to move genes between organisms, and identify unique patterns.
    • Genetic modification creates transgenic organisms.
    • Gene therapy fixes diseases using gene insertion.

    Practice Questions (Examples)

    • A practice question about DNA Sequencing.
    • A practice question about PCR.
    • A practice question about Gene Pharamring.

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    Related Documents

    BIOL305 Fall 2024 Lecture 35: Studying Development and Disease PDF

    Description

    Explore the critical concepts discussed in Dr. Nayantara Govindrajan's lecture on recombinant DNA technology, DNA sequencing, and genetic engineering in the context of studying development and disease. This session covers essential biotechnological applications and techniques including PCR and gene therapy used to create transgenic animals.

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