NCERT - BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the combined diversity at all levels of biological organization?

Biodiversity (correct)

Ecological diversity

Species diversity

Genetic diversity

The Western Ghats have less amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.

False

What is an example of a plant that shows genetic diversity based on its geographical distribution?

Rauwolfia vomitoria

India has more than ______ genetically different strains of rice.

50,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of biodiversity with their examples:

Genetic diversity = Variability within a single species Species diversity = Variety of different species in an area Ecological diversity = Different ecosystems such as forests and wetlands Biodiversity = Combined diversity at all biological levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of biodiversity mentioned?

Artificial diversity Signup and view all the answers

Greater ecosystem diversity can be found in India compared to Norway.

True Signup and view all the answers

How many species of orchids are estimated to exist?

20,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a stable ecological community?

Resistance to disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Increased biodiversity is imperative for the survival of the human race.

True Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis is used to develop a perspective on species extinction and ecosystem functioning?

rivet popper hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Tilman's experiments indicated that more species result in less year-to-year variation in total __________.

biomass Signup and view all the answers

What did David Tilman find in his long-term ecosystem experiments?

Increased diversity contributes to higher productivity Signup and view all the answers

According to the rivet popper hypothesis, the removal of any species has the same impact on ecosystem functioning.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an ecosystem when numerous species become extinct, according to the rivet analogy?

it becomes dangerously weak Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

Species richness = Number of different species in a community Productivity = Amount of biomass produced in an ecosystem Ecosystem health = The ability of an ecosystem to maintain stability Disturbance resistance = Ability to withstand environmental changes Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable Z represent in the species-area relationship equation?

Slope of the line Signup and view all the answers

The value of Z for species richness typically lies in the range of 0.5 to 0.7.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the general relationship between species richness and area on a logarithmic scale?

It is a straight line. Signup and view all the answers

In the equation log S = log C + Z log A, S represents _____.

species richness Signup and view all the answers

Match the taxonomic groups with their respective regions mentioned:

Angiosperm plants = Britain Birds = California Bats = New York state Freshwater fishes = Various regions Signup and view all the answers

What does a steeper slope (Z value) indicate for very large areas like continents?

Higher species richness per unit area Signup and view all the answers

The slopes of the regression line for different taxonomic groups are consistent across various regions.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of Z values for frugivorous birds and mammals in tropical forests?

1.15 Signup and view all the answers

What is a more serious threat to flight safety according to the context?

Loss of rivets on the wings Signup and view all the answers

The extinction of species is solely due to natural processes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one species that has gone extinct in recent history.

dodo Signup and view all the answers

The IUCN Red List documented the extinction of _____ species in the last 500 years.

784 Signup and view all the answers

Match the extinct species with their origins:

Dodo = Mauritius Quagga = Africa Thylacine = Australia Steller’s Sea Cow = Russia Signup and view all the answers

Which group is identified as particularly vulnerable to extinction?

Amphibians Signup and view all the answers

The rates of current species extinctions are slower than in pre-human times.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many episodes of mass extinction have occurred prior to the current one?

five Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most important cause of biodiversity loss?

Habitat loss and fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest now covers more than 14% of the earth’s land surface.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one species that became extinct due to over-exploitation by humans.

Steller’s sea cow or passenger pigeon Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where certain introduced species cause harm to native populations is known as __________.

alien species invasions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of biodiversity loss with their descriptions:

Habitat loss = Most significant cause of extinction leading to population declines Over-exploitation = Resulting from greed rather than need for resources Alien species = Species introduced that harm native populations Pollution = Degradation of habitats threatening survival Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of the loss of biodiversity in a region?

Lowered resistance to environmental changes Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is referred to as the 'lungs of the planet' because it produces oxygen.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's land surface do rain forests now cover?

6% Signup and view all the answers

Which biodiversity hotspot covers regions rich in biodiversity in India?

Indo-Burma Signup and view all the answers

India has less than 10 national parks.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many biosphere reserves are there in India?

14 Signup and view all the answers

The technique used to preserve gametes of threatened species is called __________.

cryopreservation Signup and view all the answers

Match the conservation methods with their purposes:

Zoological parks = Protection of threatened animal species Botanical gardens = Protection of threatened plant species Wildlife safari parks = Preservation of animals in natural-like environments Seed banks = Long-term storage of plant seeds Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of earth's land area do biodiversity hotspots collectively cover?

2% Signup and view all the answers

Sacred groves are found only in the northern regions of India.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which major international event in 1992 called for the conservation of biodiversity?

The Earth Summit Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest currently covers more than 14% of the Earth’s land surface.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one species that has gone extinct due to over-exploitation by humans.

Passenger pigeon Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of alien species that become harmful to native populations is known as __________.

invasive species Signup and view all the answers

Which ecosystem process may become more variable due to loss of biodiversity?

Plant productivity Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'The Evil Quartet' refers to natural causes of biodiversity loss.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's land surface do rain forests currently cover?

6% Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the attributes of a stable ecological community?

Resistance to invasions by alien species Signup and view all the answers

Higher species diversity contributes to higher productivity in ecosystems.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the theory that suggests the ecosystem's stability is affected by the loss of species?

rivet popper hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

A community with fewer species generally tends to be less __________.

stable Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their definitions related to species diversity:

Resistance = Ability to withstand disturbances Resilience = Ability to recover after disturbances Species Richness = The number of different species in a community Ecosystem Productivity = The rate of biomass production in an ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

Why is biodiversity essential for human survival?

Biodiversity provides raw materials and ecosystem services. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, all species contribute equally to an ecosystem's functioning.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do ecologists believe about communities with a higher number of species?

They are generally more stable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of Z values for species richness typically found in smaller areas?

0.1 to 0.2 Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between species richness and area on a logarithmic scale is a straight line.

True Signup and view all the answers

The slope of the line for frugivorous birds and mammals in tropical forests is found to be ______.

1.15 Signup and view all the answers

Match the taxonomic groups with their corresponding regions mentioned:

Angiosperm plants = Britain Birds = California Bats = New York Freshwater fishes = Various regions Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a steeper slope (Z value) when analyzing very large areas like continents?

Higher species diversity Signup and view all the answers

The slope of the regression line for different taxonomic groups varies across various regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Y-intercept in the species-area relationship equation?

C Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's species diversity is found in India?

8.1% Signup and view all the answers

The diversity of species tends to increase as you move away from the equator towards the poles.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where many species face the threat of extinction before they are discovered?

Biodiversity loss Signup and view all the answers

According to estimates, more than _______ plant species are yet to be discovered in India.

100000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Mega diversity countries = Countries with a high number of different species Prokaryotes = Microorganisms with no nucleus Latitudinal gradient = Change in species diversity with latitude Taxonomists = Scientists who study species classifications Signup and view all the answers

What is one major factor contributing to the difficulty in estimating the number of prokaryotic species?

Many species are not culturable under laboratory conditions. Signup and view all the answers

During the latitudinal gradient, species diversity is highest in temperate regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What might the estimated number of undiscovered animal species in India exceed?

300000 Signup and view all the answers

What is in situ conservation?

Conserving species in their natural habitat Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation is used for species that are not endangered.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are biodiversity hotspots?

Regions with high levels of species richness and endemism facing habitat loss. Signup and view all the answers

The ethical argument for conserving biodiversity relates to what we owe to millions of _____ species.

plant, animal and microbe Signup and view all the answers

Match the conservation approach with its description:

In situ = On-site conservation in natural habitats Ex situ = Off-site conservation for endangered species Signup and view all the answers

What is one intangible benefit derived from nature?

Aesthetic pleasures of nature Signup and view all the answers

How many biodiversity hotspots have been identified globally?

34 Signup and view all the answers

Every species has value only if it has economic value.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria?

Extinction of over 200 species of cichlid fish Signup and view all the answers

Co-extinctions only happen between predators and their prey.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one invasive weed species mentioned that poses a threat to native species.

Carrot grass, Lantana, or water hyacinth Signup and view all the answers

More than _____ per cent of the drugs currently sold worldwide are derived from plants.

25 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following invasive species with their potential impact:

Nile perch = Extinction of cichlid fish Water hyacinth = Disruption of waterway navigation African catfish = Threat to indigenous catfish Lantana = Displacement of local flora Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of broadly utilitarian arguments for conserving biodiversity?

Production of oxygen by the Amazon forest Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity hotspots collectively cover more than 20% of the Earth's land area.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for prioritizing bioprospecting in biodiversity conservation?

To explore and utilize molecular, genetic, and species-level diversity for economic benefits. Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage denotes India's share of global species diversity?

8.1% Signup and view all the answers

As one moves from the equator towards the poles, species diversity generally increases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why many prokaryotic species remain unrecorded?

Conventional taxonomic methods are not suitable for identifying microbial species. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of species diversity, regions near the equator are known to have a higher __________.

richness of species Signup and view all the answers

Match the following estimates of undiscovered species with their respective categories:

Plant species = More than 1,00,000 Animal species = More than 3,00,000 Fungi species = Estimated in millions Prokaryotic species = Unknown, possibly millions Signup and view all the answers

What factor greatly impedes the completion of the biological inventory in India?

Insufficient trained taxonomists Signup and view all the answers

It is estimated that roughly 22 percent of the total species globally have been recorded.

True Signup and view all the answers

The unique diversity pattern observed in species distribution from the equator to the poles is known as the __________ gradient.

latitudinal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of ex situ conservation?

Maintaining a species in a zoological park Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation involves protecting endangered species in their natural habitats.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the three biodiversity hotspots located in India.

Western Ghats-Sri Lanka, Himalaya, or Indo-Burma Signup and view all the answers

The protective maintenance of threatened species in __________ is an example of ex situ conservation.

zoological parks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit provided by ecosystem services?

Electricity generation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conservation methods with their purposes:

In situ conservation = Protection in natural habitats Ex situ conservation = Protection in controlled environments Cryopreservation = Long-term storage of genetic material Tissue culture propagation = Growth of plant tissues in artificial media Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity is necessary for ecosystem functioning and resilience.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sacred groves in conservation?

They protect biodiversity and provide a habitat for various species. Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative consequence of introducing the Nile perch into Lake Victoria?

Extinction of cichlid fish species Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of African catfish has no effect on native catfish species.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the drugs sold worldwide are derived from plants?

More than 25 percent Signup and view all the answers

An example of an invasive weed species is __________.

Lantana Signup and view all the answers

Match the following invasive species with their types:

Carrot grass = Invasive weed African catfish = Invasive fish Water hyacinth = Invasive weed Nile perch = Invasive fish Signup and view all the answers

How does biodiversity contribute to ecosystem services?

By contributing to oxygen production and nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Co-extinctions occur when the extinction of one species affects the extinction of another species that is reliant on it.

True Signup and view all the answers

More than _____ species of plants are used for traditional medicines worldwide.

25,000 Signup and view all the answers

The value of Z for species richness lies exclusively between 0.1 and 0.3.

False Signup and view all the answers

What linear relationship describes species richness in relation to area on a logarithmic scale?

log S = log C + Z log A Signup and view all the answers

The slope (Z value) for frugivorous birds and mammals in tropical forests is found to be ______.

1.15 Signup and view all the answers

Match the regions with their respective taxonomic groups for species-area relationships:

Britain = Angiosperm plants California = Birds New York = Molluscs Tropical forests = Frugivorous birds and mammals Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend observed regarding species-area relationships across different taxa and regions?

The slopes of the regression lines are often similar. Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between species richness and area is markedly different for smaller areas compared to larger continents.

True Signup and view all the answers

In the species-area equation, the term S stands for ______.

Species richness Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of losing species according to the rivet popper hypothesis?

It weakens the ecosystem over time. Signup and view all the answers

Ecological stability is characterized by significant year-to-year variation in productivity.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is NOT listed as extinct in recent history?

Passenger Pigeon Signup and view all the answers

What did David Tilman's long-term experiments reveal about biodiversity and productivity?

Increased biodiversity contributes to higher productivity. Signup and view all the answers

More than 15,500 species worldwide face the threat of extinction.

True Signup and view all the answers

A stable community must be resistant or resilient to occasional __________.

disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all bird species are currently facing the threat of extinction?

12 Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the relationship between species richness and ecosystem stability?

More species generally lead to greater stability. Signup and view all the answers

The current species extinction rates are estimated to be _ to _ times faster than in pre-human times.

100, 1,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the attributes of a stable community with their definitions:

Resistance = Ability to withstand disturbances without changing Resilience = Ability to recover after disturbances Lower variation in productivity = Consistency in the ecosystem's output Resistance to invasions = Ability to prevent non-native species from establishing Signup and view all the answers

The removal of species from an ecosystem does not require consideration of which specific species is removed.

False Signup and view all the answers

Why is rich biodiversity essential for the survival of human beings?

It is imperative for ecosystem health and human survival. Signup and view all the answers

The biological wealth of our planet has been declining rapidly due to _____ activities.

human Signup and view all the answers

What attribute describes a stable ecological community?

Resistance to invasions by alien species Signup and view all the answers

Higher species diversity in an ecosystem contributes to greater year-to-year variation in total biomass.

False Signup and view all the answers

What analogy does Paul Ehrlich use to describe the importance of species in an ecosystem?

Rivet popper hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Increased biodiversity is essential for the __________ of the human race.

survival Signup and view all the answers

According to Tilman's findings, what is the impact of increased species diversity?

Higher overall productivity Signup and view all the answers

Losing a few species does not significantly impact the functioning of the ecosystem in the short term.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystems?

Reduced ecosystem stability Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all mammal species are currently at risk of extinction?

23% Signup and view all the answers

The current rate of species extinction is estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times slower than in pre-human times.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one species that is documented to have gone extinct.

dodo Signup and view all the answers

Match the following extinct species with their regions of origin:

Dodo = Mauritius Quagga = Africa Thylacine = Australia Steller’s Sea Cow = Russia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for the loss of biodiversity?

Human activities Signup and view all the answers

Amphibians are considered less vulnerable to extinction compared to other groups.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated timeframe within which nearly half of all species on earth might be wiped out if current trends continue?

100 years Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total species recorded are animals?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Insects account for more than 70% of the total number of animal species.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of species on Earth according to Robert May?

7 million Signup and view all the answers

More than 70% of all species recorded are __________.

animals Signup and view all the answers

Match the following percentages with their corresponding groups:

Animals = Over 70% Plants = Less than 22% Insects = More than 70% of animal species Fungi = More than combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals Signup and view all the answers

What is the major reason for the incompleteness of species inventories?

Many species are yet to be discovered. Signup and view all the answers

The total number of plant and animal species described is about 2 million.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which taxonomic group is identified as the most species-rich?

insects Signup and view all the answers

Which invasive species is known to have contributed to the extinction of over 200 species of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria?

Nile perch Signup and view all the answers

Co-extinctions only occur in animal species, not plants.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument for conserving biodiversity from a narrowly utilitarian perspective?

Economic benefits derived from nature Signup and view all the answers

More than 25 percent of the drugs sold worldwide are derived from __________.

plants Signup and view all the answers

Match the following invasive species with their descriptions:

Carrot grass = A weed causing ecological damage Lantana = Known for invading grasslands and forests Water hyacinth = A floating plant that disrupts waterways Clarias gariepinus = Introduced for aquaculture, threatening native species Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's total oxygen is estimated to be produced by the Amazon forest?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous species benefit from the introduction of non-native species into their ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a species that can become extinct due to the co-extinction phenomenon?

A host fish species along with its unique parasites Signup and view all the answers

India currently has more than 400 wildlife sanctuaries.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one region in India where sacred groves can be found.

Khasi and Jaintia Hills, Aravalli Hills, Western Ghats, Sarguja, Chanda, or Bastar Signup and view all the answers

The approach known as _________ involves taking threatened animals and plants out of their natural habitat.

ex situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a method of ex situ conservation?

Natural reserves Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conservation strategies with their descriptions:

Cryopreservation = Preserving gametes in viable condition Tissue culture = Plant propagation methods Botanical gardens = Maintaining plants for conservation Zoological parks = Housing threatened animal species Signup and view all the answers

The Convention on Biological Diversity was held in 1999.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Convention on Biological Diversity?

Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of its benefits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an indirect benefit of biodiversity?

Food production Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation refers to the protection of endangered species in their natural habitats.

True Signup and view all the answers

The practice of maintaining threatened species in zoological parks is part of __________ conservation.

ex situ Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used in ex situ biodiversity conservation?

Cryopreservation of gametes Signup and view all the answers

The _ and _ regions of India are included as biodiversity hotspots.

Western Ghats-Sri Lanka, Himalaya Signup and view all the answers

Match the conservation method with its description:

In vitro fertilization = Assisted reproduction technique Tissue culture propagation = Growing plant cells in controlled conditions Biosphere reserves = Protected areas supporting biodiversity Cryopreservation = Storage of genetic material at very low temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Name one consequence of losing biodiversity.

Disruption of ecosystem functioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key attribute of a stable biological community?

Resistance to disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Higher species diversity contributes to lower ecosystem productivity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the rivet popper hypothesis illustrate about species extinction?

It illustrates that the loss of species may not have immediate effects but can weaken the ecosystem over time. Signup and view all the answers

According to Long-term ecosystem experiments, more species showed less year-to-year variation in total __________.

biomass Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to ecosystem stability with their descriptions:

Resistance = Ability to withstand disturbances Resilience = Ability to recover from disturbances Diversity = Variety of species in a community Stability = Consistency in productivity over time Signup and view all the answers

Why is rich biodiversity considered essential for human survival?

It ensures ecosystem health Signup and view all the answers

All species in an ecosystem have an equal impact on its functioning.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does increased biodiversity contribute to in an ecosystem, according to experiments conducted by David Tilman?

Higher productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions has the highest number of bird species?

Colombia Signup and view all the answers

Tropical regions are known to have less constant environments compared to temperate regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor that contributes to higher biodiversity in tropical regions compared to temperate ones?

More solar energy available in the tropics. Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is home to over _______ species of reptiles.

378 Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis does NOT relate to the greater biological diversity found in tropical regions?

Glaciation events increase biodiversity. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with their approximate number of bird species:

Colombia = 1400 New York = 105 India = 1200 Greenland = 56 Signup and view all the answers

What significant observation did Alexander von Humboldt make regarding species richness?

Species richness increases with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit. Signup and view all the answers

There are estimated to be at least two million insect species yet to be discovered in tropical rainforests.

True Signup and view all the answers

What main consequence did the introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria have?

Extinction of cichlid fish species Signup and view all the answers

The illegal introduction of Clarias gariepinus threatens indigenous catfish species.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the three categories of reasons for conserving biodiversity?

narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian, ethical Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is mentioned as an invasive species that causes ecological issues?

Parthenium Signup and view all the answers

All medicinally important plants are well-documented and explored.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does biodiversity play in ecosystem services, particularly in the Amazon forest?

Produces oxygen through photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of pollination in ecosystems?

Helps produce fruits and seeds Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation protects biodiversity by saving the entire ecosystem.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name the type of conservation that is necessary when a species is at high risk of extinction in the wild.

ex situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

The total number of identified biodiversity hotspots globally is ______.

34 Signup and view all the answers

What ethical argument is associated with conserving biodiversity?

Every species has intrinsic value. Signup and view all the answers

Pollinators can include bees, birds, and bats.

True Signup and view all the answers

The intrinsic value of species means that they have worth regardless of their ______ value.

economic Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation refers to protecting endangered species in their natural habitat.

True Signup and view all the answers

The technique used to preserve the genetic material of endangered species is called __________.

cryopreservation Signup and view all the answers

What is one major cause of species losses in a geographical region?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conservation methods with their description:

In situ = Conservation in natural habitats Ex situ = Conservation in controlled environments Biosphere reserves = Protected areas recognizing sustainable development Wildlife sanctuaries = Protected areas for wildlife preservation Signup and view all the answers

Sacred groves contribute to biodiversity conservation by offering protected areas for local flora and fauna.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role do biotic components of the ecosystem play in controlling floods?

They help in regulating water flow and absorbing excess rainwater. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of biodiversity loss identified in the content?

Habitat loss and fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Name one historical species that became extinct due to over-exploitation by humans.

Passenger pigeon Signup and view all the answers

The destruction of tropical rain forests is primarily for the cultivation of __________.

soya beans Signup and view all the answers

Match the causes of biodiversity loss with their descriptions:

Habitat loss and fragmentation = Most significant cause of species extinction Over-exploitation = Resulting from greed rather than need Alien species invasions = Introduced species causing harm to natives Pollution = Degradation affecting various species' survival Signup and view all the answers

What impact does loss of biodiversity NOT have on ecosystems?

Increased homogeneity in ecosystem processes Signup and view all the answers

Over-exploitation has no impact on marine fish populations worldwide.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the accelerated rates of species extinctions attributed to human activities?

The Evil Quartet Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable Z represent in the equation log S = log C + Z log A?

Slope of the line Signup and view all the answers

The value of Z for species richness is typically less than 0.1.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the general shape of the relationship between species richness and area?

Rectangular hyperbola Signup and view all the answers

On a logarithmic scale, the relationship between species richness and area becomes a _____ line.

straight Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Z value ranges with their corresponding contexts:

0.1 to 0.2 = Small areas 0.6 to 1.2 = Large areas/Continents 1.15 = Frugivorous birds and mammals in tropical forests 0.3 = Not commonly observed Signup and view all the answers

What implication does a steeper slope Z value have when analyzing very large areas?

Higher species richness for the same area Signup and view all the answers

The slopes of the regression line for species-area relationships are inconsistent across different taxonomic groups.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of Z values for species-area relationships observed among smaller areas?

0.1 to 0.2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributes defines a stable biological community?

Resistance to disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Ecosystems with fewer species are generally believed to be more stable than those with more species.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the rivet popper hypothesis compare species to in an ecosystem?

Rivets in an airplane Signup and view all the answers

According to David Tilman's experiments, increased biodiversity contributed to higher __________.

productivity Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

Resistance = Ability to withstand disturbances Resilience = Ability to recover quickly from disturbances Biodiversity = Variety of species in an ecosystem Invasions = Introduction of alien species into a community Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an ecosystem as more rivets (species) are removed according to the analogy?

The ecosystem becomes dangerously weak Signup and view all the answers

Human survival is not dependent on biodiversity according to current research.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main findings of David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments?

More species showed less year-to-year variation in biomass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of in situ conservation?

To protect ecosystems and all levels of biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation is the main approach for preserving biodiversity in situations where species are not threatened.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all bird species face the threat of extinction?

12% Signup and view all the answers

Ecologists believe that extinction rates are currently slower than in pre-human times.

False Signup and view all the answers

The identified regions rich in biodiversity and high endemism are referred to as __________ hotspots.

biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of conservation with their descriptions:

In situ conservation = Protection of ecosystems in their natural environment Ex situ conservation = Preservation of species outside their natural habitats Biodiversity hotspots = Areas with significant levels of species richness and endemism Signup and view all the answers

Name one extinct species mentioned in the content.

dodo Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of the ethical argument for biodiversity conservation?

Intrinsic value of all species regardless of economic worth Signup and view all the answers

The loss of biodiversity is primarily attributed to human __________.

activities Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is considered a biodiversity hotspot due to its high species diversity and significant habitat loss.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about current extinction trends is true?

The current extinction rates are faster than historical rates. Signup and view all the answers

How many biodiversity hotspots are currently recognized worldwide?

34 Signup and view all the answers

The IUCN Red List documents over 700 species that have gone extinct in the last five centuries.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, how many species are currently facing the threat of extinction worldwide?

more than 15,500 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to higher species richness in tropical regions?

Greater solar energy Signup and view all the answers

More than 1.5 million species have been identified, and it is estimated that there are nearly 6 million species yet to be discovered.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one major cause of current high extinction rates?

Habitat loss Signup and view all the answers

Species that are estimated to face extinction threats currently number more than __________.

15,500 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries to their biodiversity classification:

India = Mega biodiversity country Brazil = Home to the Amazon rainforest Australia = Unique species like kangaroos Antarctica = Limited biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

The World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 aimed to achieve a significant reduction in biodiversity loss by which year?

2010 Signup and view all the answers

Tropical regions have less evolutionary time compared to polar regions, affecting species diversity.

False Signup and view all the answers

Human activities contribute to extinction rates that are estimated to be __________ times higher than natural rates.

100 to 1000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indirect benefit provided by ecosystem services?

Soil erosion Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation involves protecting endangered species in controlled environments such as zoos.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two methods of ex situ conservation.

Zoological parks, botanical gardens Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity hotspots are areas that are both rich in __________ and threatened by human activities.

biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Match the biodiversity hotspots with their regions:

Western Ghats-Sri Lanka = India Himalaya = India Indo-Burma = India Amazon Rainforest = South America Signup and view all the answers

Sacred groves play a significant role in biodiversity conservation.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of plant species diversity is represented as 22 percent, compared to 72 percent for animals?

Plants Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total recorded species are animals?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Insects account for more than 70% of all animal species on Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to estimates, how many species are globally expected to be discovered?

20 to 50 million Signup and view all the answers

More than ______ percent of the species recorded are plants.

22 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with their species richness:

Tropical countries = Higher unknown species diversity Temperate countries = More complete species inventories Signup and view all the answers

Which group's species diversity is considered to be comparatively lower?

Amphibians Signup and view all the answers

Biologists estimate that the planet's biodiversity may reach approximately 7 million species.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest taxonomic group of animals in terms of species richness?

Insects Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of amphibian species are currently facing the threat of extinction?

32% Signup and view all the answers

Human activities have been a significant factor in the loss of biodiversity.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one species that is mentioned as having gone extinct in recent history.

dodo Signup and view all the answers

More than ______ species worldwide are facing the threat of extinction.

15,500 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following extinct species with their respective origins:

Dodo = Mauritius Quagga = Africa Thylacine = Australia Steller’s Sea Cow = Russia Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated rate of current species extinction compared to pre-human times?

100 to 1,000 times faster Signup and view all the answers

The extinction crisis we are facing now is similar to the five previous mass extinctions in terms of causes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did Paul Ehrlich's 'rivet popper hypothesis' imply about ecosystem functioning?

Each species is critical to the ecosystem's overall functionality. Signup and view all the answers

Increased species diversity generally leads to higher stability in ecosystems.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to David Tilman, what effect does species richness have on biomass variation?

Less variation in total biomass. Signup and view all the answers

A stable biological community should be both resistant and _____ to disturbances.

resilient Signup and view all the answers

Match the following attributes of stable communities with their descriptions:

Resistant = Ability to withstand disturbances without changing Resilient = Ability to recover quickly from disturbances Low variation in productivity = Consistent output over time Resistance to invasion = Prevention of alien species entering the ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

What significant role does biodiversity play in an ecosystem?

Biodiversity improves ecosystem resilience and productivity. Signup and view all the answers

The loss of any species does not have immediate effects on ecosystem functioning.

True Signup and view all the answers

Increasing loss of species can eventually weaken an ecosystem, similar to how _____ rivets weaken an airplane.

popped Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of named species are animals, according to the biodiversity data?

70 percent Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity is uniformly distributed across the Earth.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many species are currently facing the threat of extinction?

More than 15,500 species Signup and view all the answers

The current rates of extinction are estimated to be _______ times higher than natural rates.

100 to 1000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of extinction with their descriptions:

Habitat loss = Destruction of natural environments Over-exploitation = Unsustainable use of resources Biological invasions = Introduced species harming natives Co-extinctions = Loss of species along with others they depend on Signup and view all the answers

Which country is identified as one of the 12 mega-diversity countries?

India Signup and view all the answers

Tropical regions receive less solar energy than polar regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ethical reason for conserving biodiversity?

The inherent value of all living species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biodiversity hotspots cover regions in India?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation involves protecting species within their natural habitats.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of conservation area where India's biodiversity is legally protected.

Biosphere reserves Signup and view all the answers

India currently has ______ biosphere reserves.

14 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the earth's land area is collectively covered by biodiversity hotspots?

2% Signup and view all the answers

Cryopreservation techniques are used to protect gametes of endangered species.

True Signup and view all the answers

What major event in 1992 called for the conservation of biodiversity?

The Earth Summit Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the direct benefits humans receive from biodiversity?

Food Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitat.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one biodiversity hotspot that covers regions rich in biodiversity in India.

Western Ghats-Sri Lanka Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation methods include __________ and botanical gardens.

zoological parks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to maintain the genetic material of threatened species?

In vitro fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Ecosystem services such as pollination are considered direct benefits of biodiversity.

False Signup and view all the answers

How do biotic components of the ecosystem help in flood control?

They absorb excess water and reduce runoff. Signup and view all the answers

What type of biodiversity refers to the variety of different species within a given area?

Species diversity Signup and view all the answers

Ecological diversity pertains only to the genetic variations within a single species.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one way humans benefit from biodiversity?

Medicinal resources or ecosystem services such as clean air and water. Signup and view all the answers

There are more than ______ species of beetles identified globally.

300,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of biodiversity with their descriptions:

Genetic diversity = Variations within a species' genes Species diversity = Variety of different species in an area Ecological diversity = Different ecosystems in a region Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is noted for having greater amphibian species diversity?

Western Ghats Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity is irrelevant to the functioning of ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of ecosystem found in India that contributes to its ecological diversity.

Deserts, rain forests, mangroves, or coral reefs. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total documented species on Earth are animals?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Insects make up the majority of species on Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of plant and animal species described so far?

more than 1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

More than ______ of the species recorded are animals.

70% Signup and view all the answers

Match the following estimated species groups with their descriptions:

Insects = More than 70% of all animals Plants = No more than 22% of total species Fungi = More species than fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals combined Estimated total species = Between 20 to 50 million Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert May, what is a more conservative estimate of global species diversity?

7 million Signup and view all the answers

The majority of undiscovered species are likely to be found in temperate regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the pattern of species diversity as one moves away from the equator?

Species diversity decreases towards the poles Signup and view all the answers

What critical issue is highlighted regarding biodiversity and its conservation?

The loss of biodiversity due to species extinction is a vital environmental concern. Signup and view all the answers

India is considered one of the top mega diversity countries in the world.

True Signup and view all the answers

How many plant species are estimated to be undiscovered in India?

More than 100,000 Signup and view all the answers

Species diversity is highest in the ______ region.

tropics Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories with their respective species diversity estimates:

India's recorded plant species = 45,000 Estimated undiscovered plant species = More than 100,000 Estimated undiscovered animal species = More than 300,000 Percentage of global species recorded = 22% Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge in estimating the diversity of prokaryotic species?

Inability to culture many species in the lab Signup and view all the answers

Tropical areas generally harbor fewer species than temperate regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's total species has been recorded according to May's global estimates?

22% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in 2002?

Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 Signup and view all the answers

Over 70% of identified species are not animals but fungi.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contributing factor to species richness in the tropics?

More evolutionary time and a relatively constant environment. Signup and view all the answers

Nearly ______ species have become extinct in recent times.

700 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is identified as one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the world?

India Signup and view all the answers

Earth's fossil history has not shown any incidents of mass extinctions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of current extinction rates is attributed to human activities?

100 to 1000 times higher than natural rates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct benefit of biodiversity?

Pharmaceuticals Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation involves preserving endangered species in artificial environments.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one major cause of species loss in geographical regions.

Habitat destruction Signup and view all the answers

The protective maintenance of threatened species in zoos is an example of ________ conservation.

ex situ Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biodiversity hotspots with their locations:

Western Ghats-Sri Lanka = India Himalaya = India Indo-Burma = South-East Asia Amazon = South America Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity hotspots are regions recognized for their rich biodiversity and high levels of endemism.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are sacred groves and what role do they play in conservation?

Sacred groves are patches of forest that are protected due to their religious significance and play a role in conserving biodiversity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit provided by natural pollinators in ecosystems?

They assist in pollination for fruits and seeds Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation refers to the protection of species in their natural habitats.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for regions with very high levels of species richness and endemism?

biodiversity hotspots Signup and view all the answers

The moral duty to care for the well-being of species is considered a(n) __________ argument for conserving biodiversity.

ethical Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of conservation with its description:

In situ conservation = Protecting species in their natural habitats Ex situ conservation = Conserving species outside their natural environments Biodiversity hotspots = Areas with a high level of endemic species Ethical argument = The moral responsibility to protect species Signup and view all the answers

Why is conserving all biological wealth often considered unrealistic for many nations?

Limited conservation resources are available Signup and view all the answers

There are currently 34 recognized biodiversity hotspots in the world.

True Signup and view all the answers

What approach is called when entire ecosystems are conserved to protect specific species?

in situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

How many species of birds can be found in Colombia?

1,400 Signup and view all the answers

New York has more species of birds than Greenland.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the greatest biodiversity region on Earth?

The Amazonian rainforest Signup and view all the answers

A tropical region like Equador can have up to _____ times as many species of vascular plants as temperate regions.

10 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with their number of bird species:

Colombia = 1,400 species New York = 105 species Greenland = 56 species India = 1,200 species Signup and view all the answers

What is one hypothesis explaining greater biological diversity in the tropics?

Long evolutionary time for species diversification Signup and view all the answers

Tropical environments experience more seasonal changes compared to temperate environments.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many species of plants has the Amazonian rainforest been reported to have?

40,000 species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of conservation mentioned?

In situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation only provides temporary protection for endangered species.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one sacred grove region in India.

Khasi and Jaintia Hills Signup and view all the answers

The Convention on Biological Diversity was held in _____ in 1992.

Rio de Janeiro Signup and view all the answers

Match the conservation area types with their numbers in India:

Biosphere reserves = 14 National parks = 90 Wildlife sanctuaries = 448 Total conservation areas = 552 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's land area do biodiversity hotspots cover?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of seed banks?

To preserve different genetic strains of commercially important plants. Signup and view all the answers

India's conservation efforts include traditional religious practices that protect nature.

True Signup and view all the answers

The value of Z for species richness is consistently above 0.5.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the slope value range for species-area relationships among large areas like continents?

0.6 to 1.2 Signup and view all the answers

On a logarithmic scale, the relationship between species richness and area is described by the equation log S = log C + Z log A. Here, S stands for _____ .

Species richness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following taxa with the corresponding area they were studied:

Angiosperm plants = Britain Birds = California Bats = Tropical forests Freshwater fishes = New York state Signup and view all the answers

What does a steeper slope in the Z value indicate in the context of species-area relationships?

Higher species richness Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between species richness and area is always a straight line on a logarithmic scale regardless of taxonomic group.

True Signup and view all the answers

For frugivorous birds and mammals in tropical forests, what is the approximate slope value observed?

1.15 Signup and view all the answers

What is an indirect benefit provided by ecosystems?

Pollination Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation methods involve protecting species in artificial environments.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of named species are animals?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Habitat loss is one of the causes of high extinction rates today.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the conservation method that focuses on protecting species in their natural habitat?

In situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity hotspots are regions that have low levels of species richness and high degrees of habitat preservation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that contributes to higher species richness in the tropics.

More evolutionary time or constant environment or more solar energy Signup and view all the answers

The conservation technique involving the preservation of gametes is called __________.

cryopreservation Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic value of species?

Every species has its own value regardless of its economic importance. Signup and view all the answers

The group ______ has more species than all the vertebrate species combined.

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for increased species richness in tropical regions?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

An example of an off-site conservation strategy is __________.

ex situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

Match the specific causes of biodiversity loss with their descriptions:

Habitat loss = Destruction of natural environments Over-exploitation = Unsustainable use of species Biological invasions = Introduced species harming native populations Co-extinctions = Loss of species due to simultaneous species loss Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity is essential for ecosystem functioning and resilience.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role do sacred groves play in conservation?

They protect biodiversity and promote the conservation of local ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

Extinction rates today are primarily attributed to natural processes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a moral duty regarding biodiversity conservation?

To care for the well-being of all species and pass on a healthy biological legacy to future generations. Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many species are currently facing the threat of extinction?

More than 15,500 Signup and view all the answers

Pollinators, such as bees and birds, provide significant ecosystem services that are easily replaceable by human efforts.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biodiversity reflects the variety of different species within a given habitat?

Species diversity Signup and view all the answers

Genetic diversity only refers to the differences in physical appearance among individuals of a species.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one major factor contributing to ecological diversity in India.

Different ecosystems such as deserts, rain forests, mangroves, or coral reefs. Signup and view all the answers

The study of biodiversity that focuses on the interaction between different species and their environments is known as __________.

ecology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the importance of biodiversity?

Biodiversity enhances ecosystem stability and provides resources. Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is often referred to as the 'lungs of the planet' because it produces a significant amount of the world's oxygen.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for human-induced biodiversity loss?

Anthropogenic biodiversity loss Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global species diversity is estimated to be found in India?

8.1% Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotes are well understood in terms of their species diversity.

False Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many plant species are estimated to be yet to be discovered in India?

more than 100,000 Signup and view all the answers

Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the _______.

poles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following taxa with their estimated species diversity:

Plants = 45,000 Animals = 90,000 Prokaryotes = Millions Total Species Recorded = 22% Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant threat to newly discovered species in India?

Habitat destruction Signup and view all the answers

The tropics typically have fewer species compared to temperate or polar areas.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that makes estimating prokaryotic species diversity difficult?

Conventional methods are not suitable for identifying microbial species. Signup and view all the answers

The slope of the species-area relationship is typically lower for smaller areas compared to larger areas.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of Z values found in species-area relationships for very large areas such as continents?

0.6 to 1.2 Signup and view all the answers

The equation log S = log C + Z log A shows a relationship between species richness and __________.

area Signup and view all the answers

Match the taxonomic groups with their respective findings regarding the Z value.

Frugivorous birds and mammals = 1.15 Angiosperm plants = 0.1 to 0.2 Bats = 0.1 to 0.2 Freshwater fishes = 0.1 to 0.2 Signup and view all the answers

What does a steeper slope (Z value) indicate in the context of species-area relationships?

Higher species richness over larger areas Signup and view all the answers

The species-area relationship is linear when represented on a logarithmic scale.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Y-intercept in the species-area equation is denoted by the variable __________.

C Signup and view all the answers

Tropical environments have less seasonal variation compared to temperate regions.

True Signup and view all the answers

How many species of plants are found in the Amazon rainforest?

more than 40,000 Signup and view all the answers

Due to historical glaciations, temperate regions have seen more frequent ______ than tropical regions.

disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Match the regions with their respective species richness:

Colombia = 1,400 bird species India = 1,200 bird species New York = 105 bird species Greenland = 56 bird species Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that more solar energy in tropical regions contributes to biodiversity?

Solar Energy Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Species richness decreases with increasing explored area, according to Alexander von Humboldt's observations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What major ecological impact occurred due to the introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria?

The extinction of more than 200 species of cichlid fish Signup and view all the answers

Co-extinctions refer to the phenomenon where the extinction of one species leads to the extinction of another species it is associated with.

True Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is suggested to result in at least two million insect species awaiting discovery in tropical rainforests?

biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Over 25 percent of the drugs currently sold in the market are derived from _______.

plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Amazon rainforest?

It is estimated to produce 20 percent of the total oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere. Signup and view all the answers

Bioprospecting might lead to the discovery of new medicinally useful plants.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role does biodiversity play in ecosystem services?

Biodiversity contributes to essential processes such as oxygen production, nutrient cycling, and habitat stability. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the higher species richness found in tropical regions?

Greater evolutionary time Signup and view all the answers

The average extinction rate currently observed is lower than the historical rates of extinction.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the named species in the world are animals?

More than 70 percent Signup and view all the answers

India is classified as one of the _____ mega diversity countries in the world.

12 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following threats to biodiversity with their descriptions:

Habitat loss = Destruction of natural environments Over-exploitation = Unsustainable harvesting of resources Biological invasions = Introduction of non-native species Co-extinctions = Loss of species dependent on others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conserving biodiversity?

Non-interference Signup and view all the answers

Fungi have fewer species than all vertebrate species combined.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of conservation efforts regarding biodiversity?

Protection of diversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes genetic diversity?

Variability within a single species across different environments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions shows the highest species diversity?

Tropics Signup and view all the answers

Ecological diversity is the variety found at the species level.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term popularized by Edward Wilson to describe biodiversity?

Biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

India contributes 8.1 percent to the world's species diversity.

True Signup and view all the answers

Estimate the number of plant species yet to be discovered in India.

more than 100,000 Signup and view all the answers

India has more than _____ varieties of mango.

1,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to biodiversity?

Climatic stability Signup and view all the answers

The situation appears more hopeless as many species face the threat of becoming __________.

extinct Signup and view all the answers

Match the biodiversity terms with their descriptions:

Mega diversity = Countries with a high number of different species Prokaryotes = Microbes that are difficult to categorize Latitudinal gradient = Variation in species diversity with latitude Taxonomists = Scientists specializing in classification of organisms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of biodiversity with their examples:

Genetic diversity = Medicinal plant variations based on location Species diversity = Greater amphibian species in Western Ghats Ecological diversity = Diverse ecosystems in India Endemism = Species found only in specific geographic areas Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation involves leaving species in their natural habitats to thrive.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Western Ghats have greater species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total species have been recorded globally according to May's estimates?

22% Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit humans derive from biodiversity?

Medicinal resources Signup and view all the answers

The method used to preserve the gametes of threatened species is called __________.

cryopreservation Signup and view all the answers

The current extinction rates are slower than in pre-human times.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is known as the 'lungs of the planet' because it produces __________.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding India’s national parks?

There are 90 national parks in India. Signup and view all the answers

Sacred groves are only found in the northern regions of India.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of ecosystem services?

Television broadcasting Signup and view all the answers

The practice of preserving gametes of threatened species is known as __________.

cryopreservation Signup and view all the answers

What is one major threat to biodiversity mentioned?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation includes methods such as in vitro fertilization.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are sacred groves and what is their role in conservation?

Sacred groves are forested areas that are protected for religious or cultural reasons, playing a role in conserving biodiversity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated total number of species described so far?

1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

Insects account for more than 70% of animal species recorded on Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all species recorded are plants?

22% Signup and view all the answers

The total number of species on Earth is estimated to be between and million.

20, 50 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following estimates of species with their characteristics:

Robert May = Estimated species diversity at 7 million International Union for Conservation of Nature = Reported over 1.5 million described species Tropical countries = Higher proportion of undiscovered species Temperate countries = More complete species inventories Signup and view all the answers

According to current estimates, which of the following groups has the largest number of species?

Insects Signup and view all the answers

The number of fungal species is less than the combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary reason for higher species richness in tropical areas compared to temperate areas?

More undiscovered species Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high species richness in the tropics?

Longer evolutionary time Signup and view all the answers

The current extinction rates are significantly higher than those in pre-human times.

True Signup and view all the answers

How many species are estimated to have become extinct in recent times?

Nearly 700 species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be considered a reason for conserving biodiversity?

Personal enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

Species diversity is uniformly distributed across different regions of the Earth.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the top causes of high extinction rates today?

Habitat loss Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all recorded species are animals?

70% Signup and view all the answers

According to estimates, there are fewer than 1.5 million species described on Earth.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of species believed to exist globally?

7 million Signup and view all the answers

More than _____ per cent of all species recorded are animals.

70 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following taxonomic groups with their respective percentage of total species:

Animals = More than 70% Plants = 22% Insects = 70% of all animals Fungi = More than combined species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals Signup and view all the answers

What is the major reason for the incomplete inventories of species in tropical countries?

More species are present than discovered Signup and view all the answers

The species richness is typically more complete in tropical countries than in temperate regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What group is identified as the most species-rich among animals?

Insects Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all amphibian species worldwide face the threat of extinction?

32% Signup and view all the answers

The current species extinction rates are estimated to be slower than in pre-human times.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups appears to be more vulnerable to extinction?

amphibians Signup and view all the answers

Match the following extinct species with their origins:

Dodo = Mauritius Quagga = Africa Thylacine = Australia Steller’s Sea Cow = Russia Signup and view all the answers

The colonization of tropical Pacific Islands by humans has resulted in the extinction of fewer than 2,000 species of native birds.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of introducing the Nile perch into Lake Victoria?

Extinction of over 200 species of cichlid fish Signup and view all the answers

Co-extinction refers to the phenomenon where the extinction of one species can cause the extinction of another species that it depends on.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of drugs sold globally are derived from plant sources?

25 percent Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity is essential for providing ecosystem services, including the production of __________.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Match the invasive species with their potential impact:

Carrot grass = Threat to native habitats Lantana = Spread of disease Water hyacinth = Obstruction of waterways African catfish = Threat to indigenous species Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the illegal introduction of the African catfish?

Aquaculture purposes Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is estimated to produce 40% of the total oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason why we should conserve biodiversity.

Economic benefits or ecosystem services Signup and view all the answers

What is one major reason biologists struggle to identify prokaryotic species?

Conventional taxonomic methods are unsuitable for identifying microbial species. Signup and view all the answers

India contributes approximately 8.1% to global species diversity.

True Signup and view all the answers

Estimate how many plant species are likely yet to be discovered in India.

more than 100,000 Signup and view all the answers

Species diversity tends to decrease as we move away from the ______.

equator Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of species extinction due to habitat loss?

Habitat loss and fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is currently covering more than 14% of the Earth’s land surface.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity?

Species diversity generally decreases from the equator to the poles. Signup and view all the answers

Biologists estimate that ______ percent of the total species have been recorded to date.

22 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biological groups with their diversity contributions:

Plants = Approximately 45,000 species recorded in India Animals = Twice as many species as plants in India Prokaryotes = Potentially millions of undiscovered species India = 8.1% of global species diversity Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon when alien species cause harm to native populations is known as __________.

invasive species Signup and view all the answers

The majority of species in tropical regions are better understood than those in temperate or polar areas.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major causes of biodiversity loss known as 'The Evil Quartet'?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

Over-exploitation provides more resources to species than they actually need.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of currently named species are animals?

70% Signup and view all the answers

The current extinction rates are lower than the historical rates observed during mass extinctions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one primary cause of biodiversity loss.

Habitat loss and fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biodiversity levels with their descriptions:

Genetic diversity = Variation within species Species diversity = Variety of species in a habitat Ecosystem diversity = Diversity of ecosystems in a region Conservation = Efforts to protect biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation contributes to the higher species richness in the tropics?

Longer evolutionary time Signup and view all the answers

The group Fungi has more species than all vertebrate species combined.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of species awaiting discovery on Earth?

Nearly 6 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of species currently described on Earth?

1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

Insects make up more than 70 percent of all animal species recorded.

True Signup and view all the answers

The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is abbreviated as _____

IUCN Signup and view all the answers

Match the species count estimates with their descriptions:

1.5 million = Described number of species 7 million = Conservative estimate of total species on Earth 20-50 million = Extreme estimates of total species 70 percent = Proportion of recorded species that are animals Signup and view all the answers

What group of organisms is estimated to have more species than fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals combined?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

The majority of undiscovered species are believed to exist in temperate regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Provide one reason why biodiversity is vital for human survival.

Supports ecosystem functions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biodiversity describes the variety of species in a specific region?

Species diversity Signup and view all the answers

The genetic diversity of a species only refers to the genetic differences between individuals of that species.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of species of beetles on Earth?

300,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes ecological diversity?

It encompasses different ecosystems within a region. Signup and view all the answers

Ecological diversity is greater in Norway than in India.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of ecosystem diversity found in India.

Mangroves Signup and view all the answers

The extinction of more than 15,500 species worldwide is primarily due to natural processes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the species that is known to have gone extinct in recent history.

Dodo Signup and view all the answers

More than ________ species of native birds are believed to have gone extinct due to human colonization in the tropical Pacific Islands.

2,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main causes of biodiversity loss commonly referred to as 'The Evil Quartet'?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

Habitat loss and fragmentation have little impact on species that require large territories.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one effect of biodiversity loss in a region.

Decline in plant production, lowered resistance to environmental perturbations, or increased variability in ecosystem processes. Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is often called the '________ of the planet' due to its role in producing oxygen.

lungs Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the earth's land surface do tropical rain forests currently cover?

6% Signup and view all the answers

Over-exploitation of species has only affected terrestrial animals, not marine populations.

False Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a species that has gone extinct due to over-exploitation by humans.

Steller’s sea cow or passenger pigeon. Signup and view all the answers

What species introduced into Lake Victoria contributed to the extinction of over 200 species of cichlid fish?

Nile perch Signup and view all the answers

Co-extinction occurs when a host species becomes extinct and all its associated species survive.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one product derived from plants that constitute the drugs sold in the market.

Medicines Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus poses a threat to the indigenous _____ in our rivers.

catfishes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a broadly utilitarian reason for conserving biodiversity?

Ecosystem services Signup and view all the answers

Bioprospecting is the exploration of genetic diversity for products of economic significance.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere is produced by the Amazon forest through photosynthesis?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the recent high rates of extinction?

Human activities Signup and view all the answers

Species diversity is evenly distributed across the planet and does not vary by region.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason for conserving biodiversity.

Utilitarian, ethical, or ecological reasons. Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of biodiversity with its description:

Genetic diversity = Variations within species Species diversity = Variety of different species in a habitat Ecosystem diversity = Variety of habitats in a region Functional diversity = Different roles that species play in ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a primary cause of current biodiversity loss?

Increased solar energy Signup and view all the answers

India is one of the twelve mega-diverse countries in the world due to its high number of species.

True Signup and view all the answers

How many species are estimated to still be undiscovered on Earth?

Nearly 6 million Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a community tends to indicate its stability?

Resistance to invasions Signup and view all the answers

Higher biodiversity is correlated with lower productivity in ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did the rivet popper hypothesis illustrate regarding ecosystem functioning?

The gradual removal of species can weaken ecosystem stability over time. Signup and view all the answers

Tilman’s experiments show that increased species diversity correlates with lower year-to-year variation in __________.

total biomass Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of disturbances to their effects on ecosystems:

Natural disturbances = Wildfires affecting forest stability Man-made disturbances = Pollution impacting water quality Invasions by alien species = Competition displacing native species Loss of species = Ecosystem functions become unreliable Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of losing species from an ecosystem, according to the rivet analogy?

Gradual loss of stability Signup and view all the answers

Ecologists have a clear and definitive answer about the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of these regions has the highest number of bird species?

Colombia Signup and view all the answers

Tropical regions have less seasonal variation compared to temperate regions.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between area size and species richness observed by Alexander von Humboldt?

Species richness increases with area size. Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest is home to more than ______ species of plants.

40,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with the number of bird species found there:

Colombia = 1,400 species India = 1,200 species New York = 105 species Greenland = 56 species Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to greater species diversity in tropical regions?

Stable environments Signup and view all the answers

Scientists estimate that there are fewer than two million insect species in tropical rainforests.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason that the tropics have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years?

Lack of glaciations Signup and view all the answers

What is a conservative estimate of the global species diversity according to Robert May?

7 million Signup and view all the answers

More than 70% of all recorded species are plants.

False Signup and view all the answers

Among animals, which group comprises more than 70% of the total species?

insects Signup and view all the answers

The total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than _________ million.

1.5 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following estimated global species diversity with their sources:

International Union for Conservation of Nature = 1.5 million Robert May = 7 million Extreme estimates = 20-50 million Signup and view all the answers

Which group has more species than the combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

Tropical countries have a more complete species inventory compared to temperate countries.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major cause of biodiversity loss?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

The Amazon rainforest currently covers more than 10% of Earth's land surface.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one major consequence of habitat loss for species?

Population declines Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of alien species can sometimes lead to the decline of __________ species.

indigenous Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species went extinct primarily due to over-exploitation?

Steller’s sea cow Signup and view all the answers

Rainforests covered more than 14% of the world's land surface in the past.

True Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact does biodiversity loss have on environmental resilience?

Lowered resistance to environmental perturbations Signup and view all the answers

What approach is used for conserving biodiversity in its natural habitat?

In situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with low levels of species richness.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for urgent measures needed to save an endangered species from extinction?

Ex situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

Pollination is facilitated by __________ which are crucial for food production.

natural pollinators Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of conservation with their focus areas:

In situ conservation = Protecting species in their natural environment Ex situ conservation = Saving species outside their natural habitat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an intangible benefit derived from nature?

Aesthetic pleasure of forests Signup and view all the answers

Every species has an intrinsic value regardless of its economic worth.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to higher species richness in the tropics?

More evolutionary time Signup and view all the answers

Human activities have not significantly affected current extinction rates.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of species that may still be undiscovered on Earth?

6 million Signup and view all the answers

More than _____ species have been recorded in the world.

1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

Which country is recognized as one of the 12 mega diversity countries in the world?

India Signup and view all the answers

Species diversity is uniformly distributed across all regions of the Earth.

False Signup and view all the answers

The group Fungi has more species than all the __________ species combined.

vertebrate Signup and view all the answers

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), how many plant and animal species have been described so far?

Slightly more than 1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

More than 70% of all recorded species on Earth are animals.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated range of global species diversity according to Robert May?

About 7 million Signup and view all the answers

The most species-rich taxonomic group among animals are ______.

insects Signup and view all the answers

Match the percentage of species recorded to their respective categories:

Animals = 70% Plants = 22% Fungi = More than total mammals and fishes Insects = More than 70% of animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected consequence if current rates of species loss continue?

Significant loss of biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Overwhelmingly, more species that are yet to be discovered are found in temperate regions than in tropical regions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which group is said to have more species than the combined total of the species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global species diversity is accounted for by India?

8.1% Signup and view all the answers

Species diversity increases as one moves away from the equator toward the poles.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which country has over 1,400 species of birds?

Colombia Signup and view all the answers

How many species of plants and animals have been recorded from India?

45,000 plant species and 90,000 animal species Signup and view all the answers

What is one hypothesis proposed to explain the greater biodiversity in tropical regions?

Speciation is generally a function of time. Signup and view all the answers

About _____ percent of the total species have been recorded globally according to May's estimates.

22 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with the number of bird species found:

Colombia = 1,400 species India = 1,200 species New York = 105 species Greenland = 56 species Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do biologists face in identifying prokaryotic species?

Inability to culture many species Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to greater species diversity in tropical environments?

More stable environments Signup and view all the answers

Nature’s biological library is burning even before we catalogued the titles of all the books stocked there, highlighting the threat of _____ species extinction.

unknown Signup and view all the answers

Species richness in a region increases with decreasing area.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many insect species might exist in tropical rainforests waiting to be discovered?

At least two million Signup and view all the answers

What does increased species diversity contribute to in an ecosystem?

Higher productivity Signup and view all the answers

A community with high species diversity shows more year-to-year variation in productivity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the rivet popper hypothesis an analogy for?

Loss of species and ecosystem functionality Signup and view all the answers

A stable community must be resistant to invasions by __________ species.

alien Signup and view all the answers

According to David Tilman, species-rich plots showed more year-to-year variation in biomass than less diverse plots.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary approach used when it is necessary to save an endangered species from extinction?

Ex situ conservation Signup and view all the answers

Why is species diversity essential for human survival?

It maintains ecosystem health and functioning. Signup and view all the answers

Intrinsic value of a species is determined solely by its economic usefulness.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one intangible benefit that humans derive from nature?

Aesthetic pleasures Signup and view all the answers

A region with high species richness and endemism is referred to as a __________.

biodiversity hotspot Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of conservation methods with their descriptions:

In situ = Conservation at the natural habitat Ex situ = Conservation outside the natural habitat Biodiversity hotspots = Areas with high levels of endemic species Urban conservation = Conservation efforts in city environments Signup and view all the answers

How many biodiversity hotspots are currently recognized globally?

34 Signup and view all the answers

Conservationists prioritize areas with low species richness for protection.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of direct benefits from biodiversity?

Climate moderation Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge faced when conserving biodiversity globally?

Limited conservation resources Signup and view all the answers

In situ conservation refers to protecting endangered species in controlled environments like zoos and botanical gardens.

False Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity hotspots are areas that are both __________ in species richness and significantly threatened by human activities.

high Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conservation efforts with their descriptions:

Biosphere reserves = Protected areas that promote conservation and sustainable use Wildlife sanctuaries = Refuge for animals in their natural habitat Botanical gardens = Cultivation and preservation of plant species In vitro fertilization = Artificial combination of sperm and egg to aid reproduction Signup and view all the answers

The Himalaya is one of the designated biodiversity hotspots representing India's diverse ecosystems.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one indirect benefit of biodiversity related to climate?

Climate moderation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity encompasses the variety of life at all levels, from macromolecules to biomes.
High diversity of life on Earth is remarkable, with examples of over 20,000 ant species, 300,000 beetle species, and 28,000 fish species.
Ecologists and evolutionary biologists study the reasons behind such diversity, including factors influencing species diversity throughout Earth's history.
Humans benefit from biodiversity in various ways, including provision of food, medicine, and resources. An example of this is the Amazon rainforest, estimated to produce 20% of the earth’s atmosphere's oxygen. Fungi are also extraordinarily diverse, with numbers exceeding the combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
The study of biodiversity includes different levels like genetic diversity (variation within a species), species diversity (variety among species), and ecological diversity (variety among ecosystems). Examples of this are the Western Ghats having greater amphibian diversity than the Eastern Ghats, or India's diverse ecosystems, ranging from deserts and rainforests to coral reefs and alpine meadows.
Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem health and human well-being, and its conservation is essential for the future.

How Many Species are There on Earth?

The total number of described plant and animal species is slightly more than 1.5 million, but likely many more undescribed species still remain.
Estimates of the total global species diversity vary greatly, with more conservative estimates around 7 million, suggesting a large gap in our understanding of biodiversity.
Only 22% of current species have been discovered.
More than 1.5 million species have been recorded, but there might still be nearly 6 million more species on Earth waiting to be identified.
There are more than 1,00,000 plant species and more than 3,00,000 animal species in India that have not yet been discovered.

Representing Global Biodiversity

Animals, particularly insects, make up the majority, well over 70% of all documented species.
The number of fungi species surpasses the combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
Prokaryotes are difficult to classify, and their diversity is likely far greater than that of other organisms.
Species numbers are not evenly distributed geographically, with tropical areas showing the highest levels of diversity, for example, the Amazon rainforest.
Presently, 12 per cent of all bird species, 23 per cent of all mammal species, 32 per cent of all amphibian species, and 31 per cent of all gymnosperm species face extinction.
More than 15,500 species are threatened with extinction, including over 650 from India. Extinctions in the past, based on fossil records, have occurred but current rates are much higher. The current extinction rate is estimated to be 100-1000 times faster than pre-human rates.
More than 70% of all recorded species are animals, with plants and other organisms making up the remainder, although the proportion of plants is about 22%.
Extinctions vary across taxa, with some groups, like amphibians, being more vulnerable than others.
A significant cause for the loss of biodiversity (over the last 500 years) has been overexploitation by humans. Examples of this include the dodo, quagga, passenger pigeon.

Patterns of Biodiversity

Species richness is not evenly distributed, showing high diversity in tropical regions and lower towards the poles.
Latitudinal gradients are important diversity patterns, showing higher species richness in tropical regions compared to temperate or polar regions.
The variation in latitudes of the earth's landmasses is reflected in the biodiversity of the area, as is the case with the Amazon rainforest that is home to diverse plant, insect, mammal, and reptile life..
Species richness also displays a relationship to area, meaning larger geographic areas tend to support more species (e.g., tropical regions).
The relationship between species richness and area is represented as a logarithmic trend with a slope value (or 'Z value') typically between 0.1 and 1.2, but can reach up to 1.15 in some cases.

Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem

Species diversity enhances ecosystem stability and productivity.
More diverse communities are generally more stable in the face of disturbances compared to less diverse ones.
Biodiversity is essential for ecosystem functioning, contributing to processes like flood control, soil erosion, and pollination. The Amazon rainforest is a significant oxygen producer, while other ecosystem services include food, medicine, and resources.
Loss of species negatively impacts these processes and reduces resilience to changes.

Loss of Biodiversity

Human activities are the main drivers of biodiversity loss, including habitat loss, fragmentation, over-exploitation, and introduction of invasive species.
The current rate of extinction is significantly higher than historical extinction rates, estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times faster.
Examples of recent extinctions include the dodo, quagga, thylacine, Steller's sea cow, Bali, Javan and Caspian tigers. Twenty species may have gone extinct in the last 20 years.
Biodiversity loss can affect various ecosystem processes, including plant productivity and disease cycles. Loss of species can reduce the resilience of ecosystems to environmental changes.
Many species are threatened with extinction due to human activities.
Invasive species can negatively impact native species.
Biotic co-extinction occurs; when one species that is dependent on another goes extinct, then so too could the other.

Biodiversity Conservation

Biodiversity conservation methods include 'in situ' (in the wild) and 'ex situ' (out of the wild) approaches, each having benefits.
'In situ' conservation involves protecting entire ecosystems and includes national parks, reserves, and sanctuaries, as well as sacred groves in India.
'Ex situ' conservation involves preserving endangered species outside their natural habitat.
'Hotspots' are regions with exceptionally high levels of biodiversity and endemism, prioritized for protection.
Over 15,500 species (over 650 of them from India) are currently threatened.
Conservation efforts are happening to protect more species, with a conservation target to significantly reduce biodiversity loss by 2010.
Sacred groves are examples of 'in situ' conservation, emphasizing India's rich tradition of ecosystem protection.
Important components of biodiversity conservation are: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

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Test your knowledge on the various types of biodiversity and their examples. This quiz covers essential concepts of biological diversity, including species variation in different geographic regions and the impact of biodiversity on ecosystems. Challenge yourself and explore the fascinating world of biodiversity!

NCERT - BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION - 24-25

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the combined diversity at all levels of biological organization?

The Western Ghats have less amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.

What is an example of a plant that shows genetic diversity based on its geographical distribution?

India has more than ______ genetically different strains of rice.

Match the types of biodiversity with their examples:

Which of the following is NOT a type of biodiversity mentioned?

Greater ecosystem diversity can be found in India compared to Norway.

How many species of orchids are estimated to exist?

What is a characteristic of a stable ecological community?

Increased biodiversity is imperative for the survival of the human race.

What hypothesis is used to develop a perspective on species extinction and ecosystem functioning?

Tilman's experiments indicated that more species result in less year-to-year variation in total __________.

What did David Tilman find in his long-term ecosystem experiments?

According to the rivet popper hypothesis, the removal of any species has the same impact on ecosystem functioning.

What happens to an ecosystem when numerous species become extinct, according to the rivet analogy?

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

What does the variable Z represent in the species-area relationship equation?

The value of Z for species richness typically lies in the range of 0.5 to 0.7.

What is the general relationship between species richness and area on a logarithmic scale?

In the equation log S = log C + Z log A, S represents _____.

Match the taxonomic groups with their respective regions mentioned:

What does a steeper slope (Z value) indicate for very large areas like continents?

The slopes of the regression line for different taxonomic groups are consistent across various regions.

What is the typical range of Z values for frugivorous birds and mammals in tropical forests?

What is a more serious threat to flight safety according to the context?

The extinction of species is solely due to natural processes.

Name one species that has gone extinct in recent history.

The IUCN Red List documented the extinction of _____ species in the last 500 years.

Match the extinct species with their origins:

Which group is identified as particularly vulnerable to extinction?

The rates of current species extinctions are slower than in pre-human times.

How many episodes of mass extinction have occurred prior to the current one?

What is considered the most important cause of biodiversity loss?

The Amazon rainforest now covers more than 14% of the earth’s land surface.

Name one species that became extinct due to over-exploitation by humans.

The phenomenon where certain introduced species cause harm to native populations is known as __________.

Match the following causes of biodiversity loss with their descriptions:

What is one effect of the loss of biodiversity in a region?

The Amazon rainforest is referred to as the 'lungs of the planet' because it produces oxygen.

What percentage of the Earth's land surface do rain forests now cover?

Which biodiversity hotspot covers regions rich in biodiversity in India?

India has less than 10 national parks.

How many biosphere reserves are there in India?

The technique used to preserve gametes of threatened species is called __________.

Match the conservation methods with their purposes:

What percentage of earth's land area do biodiversity hotspots collectively cover?

Sacred groves are found only in the northern regions of India.

Which major international event in 1992 called for the conservation of biodiversity?

The Amazon rainforest currently covers more than 14% of the Earth’s land surface.

Name one species that has gone extinct due to over-exploitation by humans.

The introduction of alien species that become harmful to native populations is known as __________.

Which ecosystem process may become more variable due to loss of biodiversity?

The phrase 'The Evil Quartet' refers to natural causes of biodiversity loss.

What percentage of the Earth's land surface do rain forests currently cover?

What is one of the attributes of a stable ecological community?

Higher species diversity contributes to higher productivity in ecosystems.

What is the term used to describe the theory that suggests the ecosystem's stability is affected by the loss of species?

A community with fewer species generally tends to be less __________.

Match the concepts with their definitions related to species diversity:

Why is biodiversity essential for human survival?

According to the information, all species contribute equally to an ecosystem's functioning.

What do ecologists believe about communities with a higher number of species?

What is the range of Z values for species richness typically found in smaller areas?

The relationship between species richness and area on a logarithmic scale is a straight line.

The slope of the line for frugivorous birds and mammals in tropical forests is found to be ______.

Match the taxonomic groups with their corresponding regions mentioned:

What indicates a steeper slope (Z value) when analyzing very large areas like continents?

The slope of the regression line for different taxonomic groups varies across various regions.

What is the Y-intercept in the species-area relationship equation?

What percentage of the world's species diversity is found in India?

The diversity of species tends to increase as you move away from the equator towards the poles.

What is the term for the phenomenon where many species face the threat of extinction before they are discovered?

According to estimates, more than _______ plant species are yet to be discovered in India.

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

What is one major factor contributing to the difficulty in estimating the number of prokaryotic species?

During the latitudinal gradient, species diversity is highest in temperate regions.

The current species extinction rates are estimated to be _ to _ times faster than in pre-human times.