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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What occurs during gluconeogenesis in the liver?
What occurs during gluconeogenesis in the liver?
- Production of urea from ammonia
- Storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue
- Conversion of lactic acid into glucose (correct)
- Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
In which location does the citric acid cycle take place?
In which location does the citric acid cycle take place?
- Nucleus of the cell
- Liver cell membrane
- Mitochondrial matrix (correct)
- Cytoplasm of the cell
Which process is responsible for creating a proton gradient during ATP synthesis?
Which process is responsible for creating a proton gradient during ATP synthesis?
- Glycolysis
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain (correct)
What happens to electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
What happens to electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
What is the energy yield of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the energy yield of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?
During which state is glycogen primarily broken down to release glucose?
During which state is glycogen primarily broken down to release glucose?
What role does heat play in cellular respiration?
What role does heat play in cellular respiration?
What happens to ADP during cellular respiration?
What happens to ADP during cellular respiration?
What happens during oxidation in a redox reaction?
What happens during oxidation in a redox reaction?
Which molecule is reduced during cellular respiration?
Which molecule is reduced during cellular respiration?
What best describes the process of catabolism?
What best describes the process of catabolism?
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
During glycolysis, how many ATP are required to start the process?
During glycolysis, how many ATP are required to start the process?
What is the fate of pyruvate under low oxygen conditions?
What is the fate of pyruvate under low oxygen conditions?
Which of the following statements about triglycerides is correct?
Which of the following statements about triglycerides is correct?
What condition leads to the formation of lactic acid?
What condition leads to the formation of lactic acid?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Amino Group Transfer
Amino Group Transfer
The transfer of an amino group to another molecule, essential for amino acid metabolism.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
The process where lactic acid is converted back into glucose in the liver.
Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
A metabolic process that produces energy and transfers electrons, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix.
Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
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Absorptive State
Absorptive State
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Postabsorptive State
Postabsorptive State
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ATP Synthase
ATP Synthase
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Low Oxygen Levels Effects
Low Oxygen Levels Effects
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Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions
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Importance of Reduced State
Importance of Reduced State
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Anabolism
Anabolism
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Catabolism
Catabolism
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Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Conditions for Lactic Acid Formation
Conditions for Lactic Acid Formation
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Redox Reactions
- Redox reactions involve electron transfer.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons (or hydrogen).
- Reduction is the gain of electrons (or hydrogen).
- Reduced molecules have more potential energy.
Cellular Respiration
- Glucose is oxidized to CO₂ during cellular respiration.
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH, acting as an electron carrier.
Anabolism vs. Catabolism
- Anabolism builds larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.
- Catabolism breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Cellular respiration equation: CH₂O + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ~32 ATP
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
- It requires 2 ATP initially and produces a net of 2 ATP.
- Pyruvate fate depends on oxygen levels.
- Oxygen present: Converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle.
- Low oxygen: Converted to lactic acid.
- Lactic acid is processed in the liver to regenerate glucose. (Gluconeogenesis)
- Citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Carbon and oxygen are released as CO₂.
- Hydrogen is transferred to NAD+ and FAD, reducing them to NADH and FADH₂.
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC) utilizes NADH/FADH₂ electrons to create a proton gradient.
- ATP Synthase generates ATP from this gradient.
- ~28 ATP is produced per glucose molecule from ETC.
- Low oxygen halts ETC, reducing ATP production and increasing lactic acid.
- Cellular respiration releases heat, helping to maintain body temperature.
- ATP is used for cellular functions, recycled into ATP for further respiration.
- Glycogen is a glucose storage polysaccharide in the liver and skeletal muscles.
Lipid Metabolism
- Excess calories are converted into triglycerides for storage.
- Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol (enters glycolysis) and fatty acids (β-oxidation to acetyl-CoA, entering the citric acid cycle).
Amino Acid Metabolism
- Transamination transfers an amino group to another molecule, converting amino acids into intermediates for respiration.
- This process happens in the liver.
- Nitrogen is removed, preparing amino acids for energy production (excreted as urea).
Absorptive vs. Postabsorptive State
- Absorptive state (within 4 hours of eating): Glucose is stored as glycogen; triglycerides stored in adipose; amino acids for protein synthesis.
- Postabsorptive state (digestive tract empty): Glycogen is broken down for glucose, triglycerides for fatty acids/glycerol, and proteins for keto acids.
- Ketones are produced from fats during prolonged fasting for energy.
- Keto acids originate from amino acid metabolism and enter the citric acid cycle.
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