AP Bio Unit 3 Test Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules?

  • Fermentation
  • Photosynthesis
  • Cellular Respiration (correct)
  • Glycolysis

What unit is energy measured in?

Kilocalories

What is a Redox Reaction?

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

What is Oxidation?

<p>The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Reduction.

<p>Any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NAD+ stand for?

<p>Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NADH?

<p>The reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

<p>A series of proteins that use high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Glycolysis?

<p>A molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Pyruvate Oxidation?

<p>The second step in cellular respiration where pyruvate is oxidized into CO2, NADH, and acetyl-CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Citric Acid Cycle?

<p>A series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration that break down glucose and produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

<p>The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Chemiosmosis.

<p>A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient via ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Substrate-Level Phosphorylation?

<p>The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Intermediates?

<p>Compounds that form between the initial reactant, glucose, and the final product, pyruvic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Acetyl CoA?

<p>The entry compound for the Krebs cycle formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Oxaloacetate?

<p>A four-carbon molecule that binds with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Citric Acid?

<p>A 6-carbon compound formed in the Krebs Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP Synthase?

<p>A large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is FADH2?

<p>An electron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

<p>Anaerobic reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Alcohol Fermentation?

<p>The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obligate anaerobes can survive in the presence of molecular oxygen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facultative anaerobes can live with or without oxygen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Autotrophs?

<p>Organisms that make their own food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Photosynthesis?

<p>The process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Heterotrophs?

<p>Organisms that depend on complex organic substances for nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Stomata?

<p>The small openings on the undersides of leaves for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Stroma?

<p>The thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Thylakoids?

<p>Flattened membrane sacs inside the chloroplast that convert light energy to chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Grana?

<p>Stacks of thylakoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Light Reactions?

<p>Reactions of photosynthesis that use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Cycle in photosynthesis that reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

Metabolic process where cells extract energy from organic molecules like glucose.

Kilocalories

Unit used to measure energy, commonly associated with the energy content of food.

Redox Reactions

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactants.

Oxidation

Loss of electrons during a chemical reaction, often releasing energy.

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Reduction

Gain of electrons during a chemical reaction, often storing energy.

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NAD+

A key electron carrier in cellular respiration, accepting electrons during glycolysis.

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NADH

A reduced form of NAD+ that carries electrons during cellular respiration.

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Electron Transport Chain

Series of proteins in mitochondria that use electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce ATP.

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Glycolysis

First step in glucose metabolism, breaking down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing some energy.

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Pyruvate Oxidation

Conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, preparing for the Krebs cycle.

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Krebs Cycle

Series of reactions that break down acetyl-CoA, releasing energy and generating electron carriers.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Main way ATP is produced in cellular respiration, using energy from electron transport chain.

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Chemiosmosis

Process of ATP synthesis using the electrochemical gradient across a membrane.

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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Direct formation of ATP from ADP by transferring phosphate from an intermediate molecule.

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Intermediates

Molecules that form in between the initial reactant and the final product of a metabolic pathway.

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Acetyl CoA

Key molecule that enters the Krebs cycle, derived from pyruvate and a coenzyme.

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Oxaloacetate

Four-carbon molecule that joins with acetyl-CoA to kickstart the Krebs cycle.

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Citric Acid

Six-carbon intermediate in the Krebs cycle, playing a key role in carbohydrate metabolism.

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ATP Synthase

Large protein complex that uses proton gradient to make ATP from ADP and phosphate.

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FADH2

Electron carrier generated in the Krebs cycle, similar in function to NADH.

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Fermentation Processes

Metabolic pathways that generate energy in the absence of oxygen.

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Obligate Anaerobes

Organisms that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

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Facultative Anaerobes

Organisms that can thrive with or without oxygen.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food, usually using photosynthesis.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain their energy by consuming other organisms.

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Photosynthesis

Process where plants convert sunlight, water, and CO2 into glucose for energy.

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Stomata

Small openings on plant leaves that allow for gas exchange.

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Stroma

Fluid inside chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs.

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Thylakoids

Membrane sacs inside chloroplasts where light energy is converted into chemical energy.

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Grana

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts, increasing photosynthetic efficiency.

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Light Reactions

First stage of photosynthesis, converting light energy into ATP and NADPH.

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Calvin Cycle

Second stage of photosynthesis, using ATP and NADPH to make glucose.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Metabolic processes for energy extraction from organic molecules.
  • Involves various stages such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Kilocalories

  • Unit used to measure energy, commonly associated with food energy.

Redox Reactions

  • Chemical reactions characterized by the transfer of electrons between reactants.
  • Divided into oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).

Oxidation and Reduction

  • Oxidation involves loss of electrons; crucial in energy release processes.
  • Reduction refers to the addition of electrons, impacting ion or atom state.

NAD+ and NADH

  • NAD+ serves as an electron carrier in glycolysis; critical for energy production.
  • NADH is the reduced form, carrying electrons during cellular respiration.

Electron Transport Chain

  • Series of proteins facilitating the conversion of ADP to ATP using high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle.

Glycolysis

  • Initial step in glucose metabolism; converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing energy.

Pyruvate Oxidation

  • Occurs en route to the mitochondrial matrix; results in one CO2, one NADH, and one acetyl-CoA.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

  • A series of reactions breaking down glucose; produces ATP and energizes electron carriers.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • ATP production driven by energy from redox reactions in the electron transport chain.

Chemiosmosis

  • ATP synthesis process utilizing an electrochemical gradient; mediated by ATP synthase.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

  • Direct formation of ATP from ADP via phosphate transfer from an intermediate molecule.

Intermediates

  • Compounds formed during the conversion of glucose to pyruvate; play a role in metabolism.

Acetyl CoA

  • Key entry compound in the Krebs cycle; derived from pyruvate combined with a coenzyme.

Oxaloacetate

  • Four-carbon molecule that joins with acetyl-CoA to initiate the Krebs cycle by forming citric acid.

Citric Acid

  • Six-carbon intermediate in Krebs cycle; significant in carbohydrate metabolism.

ATP Synthase

  • Large protein that synthesizes ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy from hydrogen ions.

FADH2

  • Electron carrier generated in the Krebs cycle; functions similarly to NADH.

Fermentation Processes

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and NAD+ under anaerobic conditions, supplying energy when oxygen is limited.
  • Alcohol Fermentation: Involves conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethanol.

Anaerobes

  • Obligate Anaerobes cannot survive in oxygen-rich environments.
  • Facultative Anaerobes can thrive with or without oxygen.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

  • Autotrophs synthesize their own food, typically via photosynthesis.
  • Heterotrophs rely on consuming organic substances for nutrition.

Photosynthesis

  • Process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose.

Stomata, Stroma, and Thylakoids

  • Stomata: Small openings on leaves for gas exchange.
  • Stroma: Thick fluid inside chloroplasts containing enzymes for photosynthesis.
  • Thylakoids: Membrane sacs converting light energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts.

Grana

  • Structures formed by stacks of thylakoids, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency.

Photosynthesis Reaction Types

  • Light Reactions: Utilize light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.
  • Calvin Cycle: Reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates, essential for plant energy storage.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP Biology Unit 3 with these flashcards. Covering terms such as cellular respiration, kilocalories, and redox reactions, this quiz is an essential tool for mastering the metabolic processes involved in energy production. Get ready to ace your exam!

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