AP Bio Unit 3 Test Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules?

  • Fermentation
  • Photosynthesis
  • Cellular Respiration (correct)
  • Glycolysis

    • What unit is energy measured in?

    Kilocalories

    What is a Redox Reaction?

    A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

    What is Oxidation?

    <p>The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Reduction.

    <p>Any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NAD+ stand for?

    <p>Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NADH?

    <p>The reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Electron Transport Chain?

    <p>A series of proteins that use high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Glycolysis?

    <p>A molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pyruvate Oxidation?

    <p>The second step in cellular respiration where pyruvate is oxidized into CO2, NADH, and acetyl-CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>A series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration that break down glucose and produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

    <p>The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Chemiosmosis.

    <p>A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient via ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Substrate-Level Phosphorylation?

    <p>The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Intermediates?

    <p>Compounds that form between the initial reactant, glucose, and the final product, pyruvic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Acetyl CoA?

    <p>The entry compound for the Krebs cycle formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Oxaloacetate?

    <p>A four-carbon molecule that binds with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Citric Acid?

    <p>A 6-carbon compound formed in the Krebs Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ATP Synthase?

    <p>A large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is FADH2?

    <p>An electron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

    <p>Anaerobic reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Alcohol Fermentation?

    <p>The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obligate anaerobes can survive in the presence of molecular oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative anaerobes can live with or without oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Autotrophs?

    <p>Organisms that make their own food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Photosynthesis?

    <p>The process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Heterotrophs?

    <p>Organisms that depend on complex organic substances for nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Stomata?

    <p>The small openings on the undersides of leaves for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Stroma?

    <p>The thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Thylakoids?

    <p>Flattened membrane sacs inside the chloroplast that convert light energy to chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Grana?

    <p>Stacks of thylakoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Light Reactions?

    <p>Reactions of photosynthesis that use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Cycle in photosynthesis that reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Metabolic processes for energy extraction from organic molecules.
    • Involves various stages such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

    Kilocalories

    • Unit used to measure energy, commonly associated with food energy.

    Redox Reactions

    • Chemical reactions characterized by the transfer of electrons between reactants.
    • Divided into oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).

    Oxidation and Reduction

    • Oxidation involves loss of electrons; crucial in energy release processes.
    • Reduction refers to the addition of electrons, impacting ion or atom state.

    NAD+ and NADH

    • NAD+ serves as an electron carrier in glycolysis; critical for energy production.
    • NADH is the reduced form, carrying electrons during cellular respiration.

    Electron Transport Chain

    • Series of proteins facilitating the conversion of ADP to ATP using high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle.

    Glycolysis

    • Initial step in glucose metabolism; converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing energy.

    Pyruvate Oxidation

    • Occurs en route to the mitochondrial matrix; results in one CO2, one NADH, and one acetyl-CoA.

    Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

    • A series of reactions breaking down glucose; produces ATP and energizes electron carriers.

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • ATP production driven by energy from redox reactions in the electron transport chain.

    Chemiosmosis

    • ATP synthesis process utilizing an electrochemical gradient; mediated by ATP synthase.

    Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

    • Direct formation of ATP from ADP via phosphate transfer from an intermediate molecule.

    Intermediates

    • Compounds formed during the conversion of glucose to pyruvate; play a role in metabolism.

    Acetyl CoA

    • Key entry compound in the Krebs cycle; derived from pyruvate combined with a coenzyme.

    Oxaloacetate

    • Four-carbon molecule that joins with acetyl-CoA to initiate the Krebs cycle by forming citric acid.

    Citric Acid

    • Six-carbon intermediate in Krebs cycle; significant in carbohydrate metabolism.

    ATP Synthase

    • Large protein that synthesizes ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy from hydrogen ions.

    FADH2

    • Electron carrier generated in the Krebs cycle; functions similarly to NADH.

    Fermentation Processes

    • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and NAD+ under anaerobic conditions, supplying energy when oxygen is limited.
    • Alcohol Fermentation: Involves conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethanol.

    Anaerobes

    • Obligate Anaerobes cannot survive in oxygen-rich environments.
    • Facultative Anaerobes can thrive with or without oxygen.

    Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

    • Autotrophs synthesize their own food, typically via photosynthesis.
    • Heterotrophs rely on consuming organic substances for nutrition.

    Photosynthesis

    • Process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose.

    Stomata, Stroma, and Thylakoids

    • Stomata: Small openings on leaves for gas exchange.
    • Stroma: Thick fluid inside chloroplasts containing enzymes for photosynthesis.
    • Thylakoids: Membrane sacs converting light energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts.

    Grana

    • Structures formed by stacks of thylakoids, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency.

    Photosynthesis Reaction Types

    • Light Reactions: Utilize light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.
    • Calvin Cycle: Reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates, essential for plant energy storage.

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    Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP Biology Unit 3 with these flashcards. Covering terms such as cellular respiration, kilocalories, and redox reactions, this quiz is an essential tool for mastering the metabolic processes involved in energy production. Get ready to ace your exam!

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