Questions and Answers
What is the process called whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules?
What unit is energy measured in?
Kilocalories
What is a Redox Reaction?
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.
What is Oxidation?
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Define Reduction.
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What does NAD+ stand for?
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What is NADH?
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What is the Electron Transport Chain?
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What occurs during Glycolysis?
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What is Pyruvate Oxidation?
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What is the Citric Acid Cycle?
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What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
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Define Chemiosmosis.
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What is Substrate-Level Phosphorylation?
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What are Intermediates?
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What is Acetyl CoA?
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What is Oxaloacetate?
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What is Citric Acid?
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What is ATP Synthase?
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What is FADH2?
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What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
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What is Alcohol Fermentation?
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Obligate anaerobes can survive in the presence of molecular oxygen.
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Facultative anaerobes can live with or without oxygen.
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What are Autotrophs?
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What is Photosynthesis?
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What are Heterotrophs?
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What are Stomata?
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What is Stroma?
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What are Thylakoids?
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What are Grana?
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What are Light Reactions?
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What is the Calvin Cycle?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Metabolic processes for energy extraction from organic molecules.
- Involves various stages such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Kilocalories
- Unit used to measure energy, commonly associated with food energy.
Redox Reactions
- Chemical reactions characterized by the transfer of electrons between reactants.
- Divided into oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).
Oxidation and Reduction
- Oxidation involves loss of electrons; crucial in energy release processes.
- Reduction refers to the addition of electrons, impacting ion or atom state.
NAD+ and NADH
- NAD+ serves as an electron carrier in glycolysis; critical for energy production.
- NADH is the reduced form, carrying electrons during cellular respiration.
Electron Transport Chain
- Series of proteins facilitating the conversion of ADP to ATP using high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle.
Glycolysis
- Initial step in glucose metabolism; converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing energy.
Pyruvate Oxidation
- Occurs en route to the mitochondrial matrix; results in one CO2, one NADH, and one acetyl-CoA.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- A series of reactions breaking down glucose; produces ATP and energizes electron carriers.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- ATP production driven by energy from redox reactions in the electron transport chain.
Chemiosmosis
- ATP synthesis process utilizing an electrochemical gradient; mediated by ATP synthase.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
- Direct formation of ATP from ADP via phosphate transfer from an intermediate molecule.
Intermediates
- Compounds formed during the conversion of glucose to pyruvate; play a role in metabolism.
Acetyl CoA
- Key entry compound in the Krebs cycle; derived from pyruvate combined with a coenzyme.
Oxaloacetate
- Four-carbon molecule that joins with acetyl-CoA to initiate the Krebs cycle by forming citric acid.
Citric Acid
- Six-carbon intermediate in Krebs cycle; significant in carbohydrate metabolism.
ATP Synthase
- Large protein that synthesizes ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy from hydrogen ions.
FADH2
- Electron carrier generated in the Krebs cycle; functions similarly to NADH.
Fermentation Processes
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and NAD+ under anaerobic conditions, supplying energy when oxygen is limited.
- Alcohol Fermentation: Involves conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Anaerobes
- Obligate Anaerobes cannot survive in oxygen-rich environments.
- Facultative Anaerobes can thrive with or without oxygen.
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
- Autotrophs synthesize their own food, typically via photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophs rely on consuming organic substances for nutrition.
Photosynthesis
- Process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose.
Stomata, Stroma, and Thylakoids
- Stomata: Small openings on leaves for gas exchange.
- Stroma: Thick fluid inside chloroplasts containing enzymes for photosynthesis.
- Thylakoids: Membrane sacs converting light energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts.
Grana
- Structures formed by stacks of thylakoids, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency.
Photosynthesis Reaction Types
- Light Reactions: Utilize light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.
- Calvin Cycle: Reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates, essential for plant energy storage.
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Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP Biology Unit 3 with these flashcards. Covering terms such as cellular respiration, kilocalories, and redox reactions, this quiz is an essential tool for mastering the metabolic processes involved in energy production. Get ready to ace your exam!