Module 1 Study Guide (Chp 1, 2, 3, and 24) PDF
Document Details
![FlatteringGyrolite809](https://quizgecko.com/images/avatars/avatar-9.webp)
Uploaded by FlatteringGyrolite809
Columbia College
Tags
Summary
This document is a study guide for a biology module, covering chapters 1, 2, 3, and 24. It provides an overview of key concepts in metabolism, such as redox reactions, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. The guide also includes information on the absorptive and postabsorptive states.
Full Transcript
24.3: Metabolism and Redox Reactions 1. What are redox reactions? Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules. Oxidation is the loss of electrons (or hydrogen), and reduction is the gain of electrons...
24.3: Metabolism and Redox Reactions 1. What are redox reactions? Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules. Oxidation is the loss of electrons (or hydrogen), and reduction is the gain of electrons (or hydrogen). 2. Energy in Oxidation and Reduction: A molecule in its reduced state has more potential energy because it has gained electrons or hydrogen. 3. Cellular Respiration: Glucose is oxidized to CO₂. NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH during cellular respiration, serving as an electron carrier. 4. Anabolism vs. Catabolism: Anabolism: Builds larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g., dehydration synthesis), requiring energy. Catabolism: Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones (e.g., hydrolysis), releasing energy. 24.5: Lipid Metabolism 1. Excess Calories: 24.4: Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrates and proteins can be converted into triglycerides 1. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration: \text{C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ~32 ATP} for long-term energy storage. Cells conduct this process to generate ATP, which powers cellular functions. It involves many enzymes to 2. Triglycerides in Cellular Respiration: ensure stepwise, controlled energy release. 2. Glycolysis: Glycerol: Enters glycolysis. Location: Cytoplasm. Fatty Acids: Broken down via β-oxidation to form acetyl-CoA, ATP Investment: Requires 2 ATP to begin. which enters the citric acid cycle. ATP Yield: Produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP). Fate of Pyruvate: In the presence of oxygen: Converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. In low oxygen conditions: Converted to lactic acid. 24.6: Amino Acid Metabolism 3. Lactic Acid and Gluconeogenesis: 1. Transamination: Conditions for Lactic Acid Formation: Low oxygen, such as during intense exercise. Definition: The transfer of an amino group to a different molecule, Gluconeogenesis: Lactic acid is processed in the liver to regenerate glucose. converting amino acids into intermediates for cellular respiration 4. Citric Acid Cycle: (e.g., pyruvate or acetyl-CoA). Location: Mitochondrial matrix. Location: Liver. Carbon and Oxygen Fate: Released as CO₂. Hydrogen Fate: Transferred to coenzymes NAD⁺ and FAD, reducing them to NADH and FADH₂. Purpose: Prepares amino acids for energy production by removing 5. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): nitrogen (which is later excreted as urea). Role of NADH/FADH₂: Donate electrons to the ETC. Hydrogen: Protons (H⁺) are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient. End Fate of Electrons: Combine with oxygen to form water. 24.7: Absorptive vs. Postabsorptive State 6. ATP Synthase & Oxidative Phosphorylation: 1. Absorptive State: Energy Source: Proton gradient (H⁺ gradient). Timeframe: Within 4 hours of eating. ATP Yield: ~28 ATP per glucose molecule. Processes: 7. Low Oxygen Levels: Glucose: Stored as glycogen. ETC halts, ATP production decreases, and cells rely on glycolysis for ATP, leading to increased lactic acid Triglycerides: Stored in adipose tissue. production. Amino Acids: Used for protein synthesis. 8. Cellular Respiration and Thermoregulation: Heat is released as a byproduct, helping maintain body temperature. Blankets/sweaters reduce heat loss to 2. Postabsorptive State: the environment. Timeframe: When the digestive tract is empty. 9. ATP After the Mitochondria: Processes: ATP is used for cellular work (e.g., transport, signaling). ADP is recycled back into ATP during further Glycogen: Broken down to release glucose. rounds of cellular respiration. Triglycerides: Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. 10. Glycogen: Proteins: Broken down into keto acids if necessary. 3. Ketones vs. Keto Acids: Definition: A polysaccharide for glucose storage. Location: Made in the liver and skeletal muscles. Ketones: Produced from fats during prolonged fasting for energy. State: Part of the absorptive (fed) state. Keto Acids: Produced from amino acid metabolism and can enter the citric acid cycle. Sources: Ketones: Derived from fats. Keto Acids: Derived from proteins.