44 Questions
What is formed when long-chain fatty alcohol reacts with carbon 1 of glycerol 3-phosphate moiety of phosphatidic acid?
Plasmalogens
Where does fatty acid synthesis primarily occur in humans?
Liver
What is the major source of carbon for the synthesis of fatty acids?
Dietary carbohydrates
What is the end product of fatty acid synthesis?
Palmitate
What is the function of the citrate shuttle in fatty acid synthesis?
To transport citrate into the fatty acid synthase complex
Where are phospholipases found?
In cell membranes, lysosomes, and pancreatic juice
What is the result of an excess of dietary protein?
Increased fatty acid synthesis
What is the role of acetyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis?
To provide two-carbon units for fatty acid synthesis
What is the product of the condensation reactions in the TCA cycle?
Citrate
Where is the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase found?
Only in mitochondria
What is the role of acetyl CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis?
It converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
What is required for the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA?
One ATP and biotin
What is the source of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis?
Pentose phosphate pathway and oxaloacetate recycling
What is the role of malate dehydrogenase in fatty acid synthesis?
It converts malate to pyruvate
How is the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase regulated?
By phosphorylation, allosteric modification, and induction/repression of its synthesis
What inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase?
Palmitoyl CoA
What is the purpose of the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA?
To provide the two-carbon units for fatty acid synthesis
What happens when COX-1 and COX-2 are inhibited?
Hypertension, hemodynamic acute kidney injury, stroke and myocardial infarction
What is the major component of VLDL?
Triacylglycerol (TG)
Where is the gene for glycerol kinase located?
X-chromosome
In which tissue is glycerol 3-phosphate produced from glycolysis?
White adipose tissue
What is the reaction between glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acyl CoA?
Formation of phosphatidic acid
What is the product of dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid?
Diacylglycerol
Which of the following is NOT a source of glycerol 3-phosphate in the liver?
De novo synthesis
What is the product of the reaction between diacylglycerol and another fatty acyl CoA?
Triacylglycerol
In which state can adipose tissue store fatty acids?
Fed state
What is the number of carbon atoms in prostaglandins?
20
What is the position of the hydroxyl group in biologically active prostaglandins?
Carbon 15
What type of bond is present between carbons 13 and 14 in biologically active prostaglandins?
Double bond
What is the purpose of the capital letter in the nomenclature of prostaglandins?
To refer to the ring substituents
What is the effect of PG2 on smooth muscle contraction?
Decreases
What is the effect of PG2a on vasodilation?
Increases
What is the structure of thromboxanes similar to?
Prostaglandins
What is unique about the structure of thromboxanes?
They have a 6-carbon ring with an oxygen atom
What is the function of thromboxanes in the body?
To produce blood clots
When does Fatty Acid Synthesis occur?
In the fed state with excess glucose
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
What is the product of glycolysis that is involved in fatty acid synthesis?
Pyruvate
What is the purpose of the citrate shuttle in fatty acid synthesis?
To transport acetyl CoA into the cytoplasm
What type of diet would be beneficial for a patient with hyperlipoproteinemia with elevated VLDL?
Low-carbohydrate diet
What is the result of acetyl CoA carboxylase forming palmitate?
The formation of fatty acids
What is the source of acetyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis?
Glycolysis
What is the role of phospholipases in lipid metabolism?
To break down phospholipids
What is the end product of fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasm?
Triacylglycerols
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