Biochemistry & Pharmacognosy Module 2
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Questions and Answers

Which immunoglobulin is the largest among the immunoglobulins?

  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM (correct)
  • IgD

    • Which immunoglobulin acts as a secretory antibody?

  • IgM
  • IgG
  • IgA (correct)
  • IgE

    • What is the primary role of IgE?

  • Acts as a structural protein
  • Involved in allergic reactions (correct)
  • Facilitates the formation of lipids
  • Responsible for immune defense in the placenta

    • Which type of amino acid is unique because it is achiral?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular location does the unsaturation of fatty acids primarily occur?

    <p>Mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the leading strand in DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase (III)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DNA polymerase (I) play after RNA primers have been created?

    <p>It fills in gaps between Okazaki fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation involves a change from a purine to a pyrimidine or vice versa?

    <p>Transversional mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of semiconservative replication?

    <p>Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of isomerase enzymes in amino acid metabolism?

    <p>They convert one isomer of an amino acid into another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem associated with Hartnup disease?

    <p>Decreased transport of neutral amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During amino acid catabolism, what process is involved in the removal of the amino group?

    <p>Transamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the carbon skeleton of glucogenic amino acids after catabolism?

    <p>Broken down into CO2 and H2O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with the synthesis of thyroxine in infants?

    <p>Infantile cretinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with phenylketonuria (PKU), which amino acid should be avoided?

    <p>Phenylalanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is crucial in the structure of nucleotides?

    <p>Phosphodiester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of alkaptonuria?

    <p>Black coloration of the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pentose sugar is found in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleobase pair contains two hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Adenine and Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase?

    <p>To join Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which molecular structure does Z-DNA differ from both A-DNA and B-DNA?

    <p>Number of base pairs per turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of DNA within a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nucleic acid is primarily involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of the semi-conservative replication of DNA?

    <p>Each new DNA molecule consists of one original and one new strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is nonpolar?

    <p>Valine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is soluble in water and coagulated by heat?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of conjugated proteins?

    <p>They consist of protein combined with a prosthetic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid has the one-letter abbreviation 'H'?

    <p>Histidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of conjugated protein that contains carbohydrates?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid has a side chain that includes a sulfur atom?

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of proteins are always soluble in water?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein type is known to be insoluble in dilute NH3?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is known for its acidic properties due to the presence of a carboxyl group?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is classified as a metalloprotein?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lipoproteins?

    <p>To transport lipids in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein has a prosthetic group that is a colored substance?

    <p>Chromoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is represented by 'I' in one-letter nomenclature?

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of derived proteins?

    <p>They are formed from hydrolysis of simple proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to maintain the quality of crude drugs?

    <p>Proper storage conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solvent is recommended for preserving chlorophyll?

    <p>Acetone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature is necessary for heating to preserve crude drugs?

    <p>65°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method for assessing the quality and purity of crude drugs?

    <p>Organoleptic evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the collection of crude drugs is false?

    <p>Timing of collection does not affect quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fumigant is mentioned for the fumigation of crude drugs?

    <p>Methyl bromide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of assessing the quality of crude drugs?

    <p>To ensure the active principle is sufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when storing fats used in crude drugs?

    <p>Exposure to heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 2: Biochemistry & Pharmacognoy

    • Biochemistry is the science dealing with the chemical basis of life.
    • Biomolecules studied include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.
    • Cell membranes are semi-permeable, amphiphilic, and have both integral and peripheral proteins.
    • Cytoplasm encompasses cell contents outside the nucleus.
    • Organelles, such as mitochondria, have specific functions, including energy production.
    • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones, with monosaccharides as their building blocks.
    • Isomers include enantiomers, anomers, epimers, and tautomers.
    • Pyranose and furanose are two types of ring structures for carbohydrates.
    • Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides (e.g.,starch, glycogen, cellulose).
    • Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, with different steps and enzymes involved.
    • Gluconeogenesis is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
    • The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle) is a series of chemical reactions that release stored energy by breaking down acetyl-CoA.
    • The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes in the mitochondria that use the energy of electrons to create a proton gradient to produce ATP.
    • Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
    • Important examples of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, and waxes, with different types and properties.
    • Lipid metabolism involves catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis) pathways.
    • Proteins are the most diverse biomolecules in living systems, consisting of amino acid monomers.
    • Important functional groups of proteins include amino groups and carboxyl groups.
    • Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
    • Nitrogen metabolism involves processes such as transamination and deamination to remove nitrogen.
    • Many different types of Vitamins fulfill various body functions.
    • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) use nucleotide monomers.
    • DNA replication involves enzymes such as helicases and DNA polymerases to produce identical copies of DNA.
    • Genetic translation of DNA to RNA, and then to protein, is crucial to the working of the entire body.
    • Various kinds of mutations can change the genetic code.

    Pharmacognoy

    • Pharmacognoy is the study of drugs obtained from natural sources like plants and animals
    • Crude drugs are plant or animal materials that have undergone only collection and drying
    • Methods of obtaining volatile oils include expression, enfleurage, extraction, and distillation
    • Important volatile oils include turpentine oil, essential oils from many different plant species, etc.
    • Glycosides have sugar portions/compounds.
    • Flavonol glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides are important types.
    • Cardiac glycosides are important for the heart.
    • There are many different types of plant extracts and gums, with specific uses and properties.
    • Important glycosides are lactose, sucrose/table sugar, etc.
    • Carbohydrates are important sources of energy, and have various other properties as well.

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    Module 2: Biochemistry and Pharmacognosy PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of biochemistry in this quiz, including the structure and function of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Test your knowledge on cellular components, metabolic pathways like glycolysis, and the role of organelles. Perfect for students diving into biochemistry and pharmacognosy!

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