Biochemistry Overview: Biomolecules and Their Roles
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main classifications of cells?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

What is the most abundant carbohydrate found in plant cell walls?

Cellulose

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Processes/modify proteins to mature forms

What is the name of the drug first produced by genetic engineering?

<p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in plants.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of sugar acids with their location of oxidation:

<p>-onic acid = Oxidation at carbon 1 -uronic acid = Oxidation at carbon 6 -aric acid = Oxidation at carbon 1 and 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sucrose is a reducing sugar.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?

<p>Hormonal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the most abundant phospholipid in cell membranes?

<p>Lecithin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycerol is a sugar alcohol produced through the oxidation of glucose.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule used to transfer fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria?

<p>Carnitine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of RNA?

<p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the pentose phosphate pathway?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase?

<p>To convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cori cycle is a process that converts lactate back to glucose in muscle tissue.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the citric acid cycle?

<p>It is mainly involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, not fats or amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaplerotic reactions replenish the citric acid cycle by adding intermediates that were lost through other metabolic pathways.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gluconeogenesis occurs only in the liver and kidney.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of protein structures?

<p>Fibrous and globular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of vitamin B1 deficiency?

<p>Pellagra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the inactive form of an enzyme?

<p>Zymogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of irreversible inhibition?

<p>Suicide inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Millon’s Test is used for the identification of a protein.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of protein chromatography?

<p>Size exclusion chromatography and ion exchange chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which the genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA?

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

Splicing is the process by which introns are removed from a pre-mRNA transcript.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic code is universal; meaning that all organisms use the same codons to specify amino acids.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a transition and a transversion in DNA mutations?

<p>A transition involves the substitution of a purine for another purine or a pyrimidine for another pyrimidine. A transversion involves the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stop codons in the genetic code?

<p>UAA, UAG, and UGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication in eukaryotes is a continuous process, while DNA replication in prokaryotes is discontinuous.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human body can synthesize all the necessary amino acids required for the production of proteins.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main fates of pyruvate produced during glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis, oxidized to acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle, reduced to lactate under anaerobic conditions, or fermented to ethanol and carbon dioxide in microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle is the primary source of ATP production in aerobic organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecule that captures energy from catabolic pathways and provides that energy for anabolic processes?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General

  • Biochemistry is a science concerned with the chemical basis of life, applied to pharmacy and related biological sciences.
  • It studies the chemical constituents of living cells and the reactions they undergo.
  • It applies chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.

Biomolecules

  • Biomolecules are chemical constituents of living cells.
  • Polymers are made from repeating monomeric units connected by covalent bonds.
  • Biopolymers are polymers made of biomolecules that are bonded covalently and obtained from natural sources.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are biopolymers.
  • Monosaccharides are the building blocks; they are bonded by glycosidic bonds.

Proteins

  • Proteins are composed of amino acids, bonded by peptide bonds.
  • A major building block of proteins is amino acids.

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids are biopolymers.
  • Nucleotides are the building blocks; they're connected by phosphodiester bonds.

Enzymes

  • Enzymes are primarily proteins capable of catalyzing biochemical reactions.
  • Most enzymes are proteins.

Vitamins

  • Essential molecules needed by the body, but not produced by the body.
  • Obtained from food (e.g., B vitamins).

Lipids

  • Lipids are not true biopolymers, but physically aggregate.
  • They are chemically unrelated but physically related by aggregation.

Cells

  • Basic units of life.
  • Two major classifications: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Prokaryotic Cells

  • Lack a nucleus and organelles.
  • Examples include bacteria.

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Possess a nucleus and organelles.
  • Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protozoans.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

  • DNA -> DNA (Replication)
  • DNA -> RNA (Transcription)
  • RNA -> Protein (Translation)

Additional Concepts

  • Cosmids are hybrid plasmids used as cloning vectors in recombinant DNA technology.
  • The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
  • The 23s and 50s are used in reference to prokaryotic ribosomes.

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Module 2 Biochemistry - Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biochemistry, focusing on biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Understand the building blocks, bond types, and roles these biomolecules play in living cells. Test your knowledge of the chemical basis of life and its applications in biology and pharmacy.

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