36 Questions
What is the primary function of myoglobin?
Oxygen transport
What is the name of the reaction that helps regulate acid-base balance?
Henderson-Hasselbach reaction
What is the term for the process by which the body responds to acid-base imbalances?
Respiratory compensation
What is the role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?
Buffering excess hydrogen ions
What is the Bohr effect?
The effect of pH on oxygen binding to hemoglobin
What is the term for the shape change of hemoglobin upon oxygen binding?
T→R state
What is the role of BPG in hemoglobin function?
Decreases oxygen binding affinity
What type of bond does Phenylalanine form with other amino acids?
Hydrophobic bonds
Which histidine residue comes directly in contact with the iron of the heme plane?
Histidine 93
What occupies the 6th binding site of the heme plane?
Oxygen
Which state of Hgb is influenced by allosteric effectors such as pH, Bohr Effect, and temperature?
Both T and R states
What is the role of Carbon Monoxide in the context of Hgb and Mb?
It inhibits the binding of oxygen to the heme plane
Which of the following is a key feature of the R state of Hgb?
High oxygen affinity
What is the role of the distal histidine in the context of Hgb?
It helps to bind oxygen to the heme plane
What percentage of oxygen delivery decreases at high altitude compared to sea level?
38%
What is the concentration of BPG that increases after a few hours at high altitude?
8 mM/L
What is the percentage decrease in affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen due to BPG?
37%
What is the name of the state of hemoglobin that is stabilized by BPG binding?
T state
What happens to the curve of hemoglobin A when the concentration of H+, CO2, and 2,3-BPG increases?
Shifts to the right
What is the result of a decrease in allosteric factors such as H+, CO2, and 2,3-BPG on the curve of hemoglobin A?
Shifts to the left
What is the name of the effect that describes the decrease in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin with increased concentration of H+, CO2, and 2,3-BPG?
Bohr effect
What is the normal range of pH in arterial blood?
7.35-7.45
What is the equivalent of 35-45 mmHg in pCO2?
4.6-6.0 kPa
What is the main difference between pO2 levels in arterial and venous blood?
pO2 is significantly higher in arterial blood
What is the SI unit of hydrogen ion concentration?
nmol/L
What is a common cause of acid-base disorders?
Dehydration due to uncontrolled vomiting
What is the term for the acidosis caused by lactic acid buildup?
Lactic acidosis
What is the term for the acidosis caused by the accumulation of ketone bodies?
Ketoacidosis
What is the primary characteristic of metabolic acidosis?
Low blood pH and low concentration of HCO3
What is the primary change in respiratory acidosis?
Increase in pCO2
What is the compensatory response to metabolic acidosis?
Decrease in pCO2
What is the characteristic of respiratory alkalosis?
High pH and low pCO2
What is the primary change in metabolic alkalosis?
High pH and high levels of HCO3
What is the compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis?
Decrease in plasma HCO3 levels
What is the characteristic of acidosis?
Low blood pH and increase concentration of H+
What is the characteristic of alkalosis?
High pH and low concentration of H+
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