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Questions and Answers
Which polysaccharide is considered the reserve carbohydrate of animals?
What are the two polymeric units of glucose in starch?
Which type of linkages are found in dextrans?
What do mucopolysaccharides in combination with proteins form?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of mucopolysaccharides?
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Which compound contains a carbohydrate and a noncarbohydrate residue in the same molecule?
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What is the constituent of DNA among the following sugars?
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Which sugar is found in certain mucopolysaccharides?
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What type of sugars are found in nucleic acids (DNA)?
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Which oligosaccharide is dairy-derived?
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'Erythrose-4-P' is an intermediate in which alternative pathway for glucose oxidation?
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What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
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How are disaccharides formed?
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What is the distinguishing feature of oligosaccharides?
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Which type of carbohydrates may be in straight or branched chains?
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What is the stereochemistry relationship between the two forms of glyceraldehyde?
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In which process do trioses like D-glyceraldehyde occur as intermediates?
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Study Notes
Polysaccharides of Importance
- Starch consists of two polymeric units of glucose: amylose and amylopectin, which differ in molecular architecture and properties.
Glycogen
- Glycogen is the reserve carbohydrate of animals.
Dextran
- Dextran is made up of units of D-Glucose molecules with α1 → 6, α1 → 4, α1 → 2, or α1 → 3 glycosidic linkages, forming a network.
Mucopolysaccharides (Glycosamino Glycans)
- Mucopolysaccharides contain uronic acid and amino sugars, forming mucoproteins.
- Examples of mucopolysaccharides include hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.
Biochemical Connections
- Lactose intolerance occurs when the body cannot digest lactose due to a deficiency of lactase enzyme.
- Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, often due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
Monosaccharides
- Tetroses: Erythrose-4-P occurs as an intermediate in the hexose monophosphate shunt, an alternative pathway for glucose oxidation.
- Pentoses: D-ribose is a constituent of nucleic acid RNA and certain coenzymes, e.g., FAD, NAD, and coenzyme A.
- Hexoses: D-Glucose, D-Galactose, and D-Fructose are common hexoses.
- Deoxy sugars: 2-deoxy-D-ribose is found in DNA, while 6-deoxy-L-Galactose is found in glycoproteins, blood group substances, and bacterial polysaccharides.
- Amino sugars (hexosamines) and amino sugar acids contain an –NH2 group in their structure and occur as constituents of certain mucopolysaccharides.
Disaccharides of Importance
- The three most common disaccharides of biological importance are Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, and Lactulose.
Oligosaccharides of Importance
- Raffinose is a trisaccharide formed from the combination of three monomers: galactose, glucose, and fructose.
- Fructooligosaccharides (oligofructans) are short chains of fructose residues found in many plants.
- Galactooligosaccharides are oligosaccharides made up of a short chain of galactose molecules, commonly found in dairy-derived products.
Biochemical Importance of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of organic compounds found in living organisms.
- They are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of higher polyhydric alcohols or compounds that yield these derivatives on hydrolysis.
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Description
Explore the classification, function, biomedical importance, and physical/chemical properties of carbohydrates in this Biochemistry lecture quiz. Test your knowledge on saccharides and their derivatives.
