Bioenergetics II

<p>It inhibits the enzyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low ATP/ADP ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons move from complexes with lower reduction potential to complexes with higher reduction potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To phosphorylate ADP to ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High ATP levels inhibit the TCA cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As exercise duration increases, the body preferentially utilizes fat as a fuel source, leading to a decrease in the RER value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein metabolism contributes minimally to energy production during typical exercise under adequate nutrient storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individual's dietary protein intake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH, which can then enter the citric acid cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 2-hour, low-intensity bike ride in a fasted state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood lactate is converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver, providing an additional source of CHO for energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow glycolysis is an aerobic process that utilizes oxygen to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of training the individual has undertaken. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% Fat, 50% CHO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove the amino group from amino acids, allowing their carbon skeletons to be used for energy production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To oxidize substrates and produce NADH and FADH, which carry electrons to the electron transport chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP-PCr system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are transferred to oxygen to form water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>460 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a barrier, maintaining essential internal components and regulating the entry of molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The efficiency of energy conservation during fatty acid oxidation is slightly higher compared to glucose oxidation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketone bodies are formed primarily during prolonged fasting or strenuous exercise when glucose availability is low, serving as an alternative fuel source for the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intensity of the exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the entry point for fatty acids and glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more readily available than fatty acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher levels of epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PDH activity is increased to enhance energy supply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP-PCr system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decline significantly past 85% of VO2 max. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes the transition from fat to carbohydrate as primary fuel source. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A period of anaerobic ATP contribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both carbohydrates and fats are used equally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carnitine is a carrier molecule that facilitates the transport of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome-C oxidase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The breakdown of lipids requires more complex enzymatic reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates the uptake of fatty acids into muscle cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits lipase activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capacity of the mitochondria to oxidize fatty acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen molecules contain a small number of extra glucose units that contribute to the higher energy yield. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A process that generates ATP using energy from metabolic reactions without oxygen, like anaerobic metabolism and glycolysis.

A method of ATP production that occurs through aerobic metabolism involving glucose oxidation, beta oxidation, and more.

A crucial part of aerobic metabolism that oxidizes substrates to produce NADH and FADH for the Electron Transport Chain.

A series of proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane that oxidize NADH and FADH to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

The process occurring in mitochondria where pyruvate is converted to ATP and CO2, especially during rest or steady activity.

The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during exercise (VCO2/VO2).

RER indicates percentage of fat and carbohydrate utilization: 0.70 = 100% fat, 1.00 = 100% CHO.

Palmitic acid (C16H32O2) oxidation produces 16CO2 and ATP with RER = 0.70.

Exhaustion of blood glucose and muscle glycogen after 90-120 minutes of intense exercise.

Protein contributes roughly 2% to energy production, possibly rising to 5-15% in prolonged exercise.

Breakdown of adipose and intramuscular triglyceride to release fatty acids.

Transport of Free Fatty Acids from adipose tissue to muscles.

The entry of Free Fatty Acids into muscle cells from the bloodstream.

Process of breaking down fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH.

One triacylglycerol yields 460 ATP, higher energy yield than glucose.

Process of converting protein to glucose, mainly in the liver during low energy availability.

Breakdown of protein into amino acids, used for energy when needed.

Different metabolic pathways (ATP-PCr, carbs, fats) that generate ATP under varying exercise conditions.

ATP, ADP, NADH, FADH, and oxygen regulate the electron transport chain.

Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH, totaling 6 ATP in mitochondria.

Complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields 38 ATP.

Three stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

Lipolysis is the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

Lipase is the enzyme that regulates lipolysis, sensitive to hormones.

FFA is transported to muscles via albumin and specific transport proteins.

Beta-oxidation breaks down fatty acyl-CoA generating acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH.

The carnitine shuttle allows FFA to cross the mitochondrial membrane for oxidation.

IMTG are lipid droplets in muscles that serve as energy sources during exercise.

Enzyme that converts pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA, crucial for energy production.

Key metabolite that enters the TCA Cycle, derived from pyruvate and other macronutrients.

Series of 9 reactions that convert Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and producing energy carriers NADH and FADH.

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP using a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.

Reducing agent generated in glycolysis and TCA, donates electrons to the ETC.

Process regulating PDH activity; inhibited by phosphorylation and activated by dephosphorylation.

Process by which ATP is produced in the ETC using energy from electrons and protons from NADH and FADH.

Measure of an electron's affinity; the basis for electron movement through the ETC.

Results from TCA include 1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH, and 2 CO2 per cycle.

Exercise can increase whole body energy metabolism by up to 20 times basal levels.

Fatigue is linked to glycogen stores and hypoglycemia.

Acetyl-CoA is a key regulator for fatty acid and glucose entry into metabolism.

Absolute intensity is total fuel quantity, while relative is the proportion of CHO to FAT used.

Immediate energy for short, intense exercise comes from the ATP-PCr system, lasting 5-15 seconds.

During brief, high-intensity efforts, nonaerobic sources provide about 90% of energy.

During submaximal exercise, the goal is to establish steady-state ATP supply through aerobic means.

The crossover concept illustrates the shift from fat to carbohydrate metabolism as exercise intensity increases.

Oxygen uptake lags at the start of exercise, indicating anaerobic contributions initially.

At higher intensities (85% VO2 max), fatty acid oxidation decreases while lipolysis remains high but delivery may drop.