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Questions and Answers
What is the substrate of proteolytic enzymes?
What is the substrate of proteolytic enzymes?
- Vitamins
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins (correct)
- Nucleic acids
Which type of enzyme catalyzes intramolecular transfer of atoms or groups?
Which type of enzyme catalyzes intramolecular transfer of atoms or groups?
- Oxidoreductases
- Isomerases (correct)
- Hydrolases
- Transferases
How does an irreversible inhibitor reduce the activity of an enzyme?
How does an irreversible inhibitor reduce the activity of an enzyme?
- Through non-covalent interactions
- By competitive inhibition
- Through covalent bond formation (correct)
- By altering enzyme affinity
What is the term for the process that activates pepsin by decreasing its molecular weight?
What is the term for the process that activates pepsin by decreasing its molecular weight?
Which site of the enzyme directly participates in catalysis?
Which site of the enzyme directly participates in catalysis?
Where is the activity of enzymes most often measured for diagnostic purposes?
Where is the activity of enzymes most often measured for diagnostic purposes?
Which type of enzyme is characterized as containing a coenzyme and demonstrating enzymatic activity?
Which type of enzyme is characterized as containing a coenzyme and demonstrating enzymatic activity?
What reaction do kinases catalyze?
What reaction do kinases catalyze?
What is the primary outcome of aerobic glycolysis?
What is the primary outcome of aerobic glycolysis?
Which compound is formed from one molecule of glucose during anaerobic glycolysis?
Which compound is formed from one molecule of glucose during anaerobic glycolysis?
Which substance acts as the substrate for substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which substance acts as the substrate for substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which process is responsible for ATP synthesis in anaerobic glycolysis?
Which process is responsible for ATP synthesis in anaerobic glycolysis?
What is synthesized during the second stage of glycolysis?
What is synthesized during the second stage of glycolysis?
What type of oxidation do brain cells predominantly use for energy?
What type of oxidation do brain cells predominantly use for energy?
Which is the correct statement regarding the production of ATP in erythrocytes?
Which is the correct statement regarding the production of ATP in erythrocytes?
During the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, what type of phosphorylation occurs?
During the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, what type of phosphorylation occurs?
What is the primary source of energy for nervous tissue during prolonged fasting?
What is the primary source of energy for nervous tissue during prolonged fasting?
What happens to the reaction rate of the Krebs cycle with an increase in beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What happens to the reaction rate of the Krebs cycle with an increase in beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What substrate is primarily used for the synthesis of ketone bodies?
What substrate is primarily used for the synthesis of ketone bodies?
Which hormone activates the synthesis of fatty acids and TAGs in the liver during the absorption period?
Which hormone activates the synthesis of fatty acids and TAGs in the liver during the absorption period?
What is the main product synthesized from fatty acids in adipose tissue during the absorption period?
What is the main product synthesized from fatty acids in adipose tissue during the absorption period?
Which enzyme is responsible for transporting fatty acid residues across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which enzyme is responsible for transporting fatty acid residues across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which molecule serves as the precursor for all steroids in the human body?
Which molecule serves as the precursor for all steroids in the human body?
What is the primary lipoprotein responsible for transporting TAGs synthesized in the liver?
What is the primary lipoprotein responsible for transporting TAGs synthesized in the liver?
What is the primary significance of the pentose phosphate cycle?
What is the primary significance of the pentose phosphate cycle?
Which enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway is responsible for the formation of NADPH2?
Which enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway is responsible for the formation of NADPH2?
Which statement accurately describes the product formed during the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which statement accurately describes the product formed during the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?
What substances are produced by the pentose phosphate pathway that are essential for nucleic acid synthesis?
What substances are produced by the pentose phosphate pathway that are essential for nucleic acid synthesis?
Which product formed in the non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway is critical for glucose synthesis?
Which product formed in the non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway is critical for glucose synthesis?
What is NADPH2 primarily used for in metabolic reactions?
What is NADPH2 primarily used for in metabolic reactions?
Which product formed in the pentose phosphate pathway is utilized for the formation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides?
Which product formed in the pentose phosphate pathway is utilized for the formation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides?
Which products are necessary for the synthesis of NADPH2 in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which products are necessary for the synthesis of NADPH2 in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which organ is most sensitive to hypoglycemia during prolonged fasting?
Which organ is most sensitive to hypoglycemia during prolonged fasting?
What process is activated in cells with hyperglycemia due to decreased insulin levels?
What process is activated in cells with hyperglycemia due to decreased insulin levels?
Which enzyme's congenital deficiency leads to hypoglycemia in glycogenosis?
Which enzyme's congenital deficiency leads to hypoglycemia in glycogenosis?
What is the biological role of glycogen mobilization in the liver?
What is the biological role of glycogen mobilization in the liver?
Which hormone stimulates the mobilization of glycogen in the liver?
Which hormone stimulates the mobilization of glycogen in the liver?
What is the final product of glycogen breakdown in muscles?
What is the final product of glycogen breakdown in muscles?
What chemical bond is found in the linear regions of the glycogen molecule?
What chemical bond is found in the linear regions of the glycogen molecule?
What is the effect of insulin on beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What is the effect of insulin on beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What is the caloric equivalent of oxygen in terms of heat released when consumed?
What is the caloric equivalent of oxygen in terms of heat released when consumed?
What is the average daily requirement for fat for an adult in grams?
What is the average daily requirement for fat for an adult in grams?
What is the effect called that increases metabolism and energy expenditure following food intake?
What is the effect called that increases metabolism and energy expenditure following food intake?
What is the expected amount of basal metabolism per day in kcal for a middle-aged person with average body weight?
What is the expected amount of basal metabolism per day in kcal for a middle-aged person with average body weight?
In which scenario is a positive nitrogen balance observed in the human body?
In which scenario is a positive nitrogen balance observed in the human body?
What causes a negative nitrogen balance in a person?
What causes a negative nitrogen balance in a person?
Which process is defined as the absorption of nutrients through the intestinal wall?
Which process is defined as the absorption of nutrients through the intestinal wall?
What is the normal caloric coefficient of carbohydrates in kcal?
What is the normal caloric coefficient of carbohydrates in kcal?
Flashcards
Proteolytic enzymes
Proteolytic enzymes
Enzymes that break down proteins into smaller peptides.
Enzyme-substrate complementarity
Enzyme-substrate complementarity
The interaction between an enzyme and its substrate, where their shapes fit together like a lock and key.
Isomerases
Isomerases
Enzymes that rearrange atoms within a molecule, changing its structure.
Partial proteolysis
Partial proteolysis
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Holoenzyme
Holoenzyme
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Kinases
Kinases
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Competitive inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor
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Active site
Active site
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Substrate phosphorylation
Substrate phosphorylation
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Aerobic glycolysis
Aerobic glycolysis
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Anaerobic glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis
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Second stage of glycolysis
Second stage of glycolysis
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Substrate for substrate phosphorylation
Substrate for substrate phosphorylation
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ATP synthesis in anaerobic glycolysis
ATP synthesis in anaerobic glycolysis
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Brain cell energy source
Brain cell energy source
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ATP synthesis in erythrocytes
ATP synthesis in erythrocytes
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What is the main energy source for the nervous system during prolonged fasting?
What is the main energy source for the nervous system during prolonged fasting?
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What happens to the Krebs cycle during increased beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What happens to the Krebs cycle during increased beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
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What is the starting material for ketone body synthesis?
What is the starting material for ketone body synthesis?
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Which hormone activates fatty acid and TAG synthesis during the absorption period?
Which hormone activates fatty acid and TAG synthesis during the absorption period?
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What is the main use of fatty acids in adipose tissue during the absorption period?
What is the main use of fatty acids in adipose tissue during the absorption period?
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Which hormone stimulates fat synthesis in the body?
Which hormone stimulates fat synthesis in the body?
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What enzyme transports fatty acid residues across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What enzyme transports fatty acid residues across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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What is the precursor for all steroids in the human body?
What is the precursor for all steroids in the human body?
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What is the significance of the pentose phosphate pathway?
What is the significance of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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Which enzyme produces NADPH2 in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which enzyme produces NADPH2 in the pentose phosphate pathway?
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What process simultaneously generates NADPH2 and ribose-5-phosphate?
What process simultaneously generates NADPH2 and ribose-5-phosphate?
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What is NADPH2 used for in the cell?
What is NADPH2 used for in the cell?
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What is the product of the oxidative phase in the pentose phosphate pathway?
What is the product of the oxidative phase in the pentose phosphate pathway?
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What is produced in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
What is produced in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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What are pentoses from the pentose phosphate pathway used for?
What are pentoses from the pentose phosphate pathway used for?
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What is the product of the pentose phosphate pathway necessary for nucleic acid synthesis?
What is the product of the pentose phosphate pathway necessary for nucleic acid synthesis?
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Caloric Equivalent of Oxygen
Caloric Equivalent of Oxygen
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Average Daily Fat Requirement
Average Daily Fat Requirement
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Specific Dynamic Action
Specific Dynamic Action
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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Positive Nitrogen Balance
Positive Nitrogen Balance
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Negative Nitrogen Balance
Negative Nitrogen Balance
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Assimilation
Assimilation
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Caloric Coefficient of Carbohydrates
Caloric Coefficient of Carbohydrates
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Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
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Glucose 6-phosphatase
Glucose 6-phosphatase
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Glucagon
Glucagon
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline
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Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen phosphorylase
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Glycogen breakdown in muscles
Glycogen breakdown in muscles
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Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Metabolism Module
- Proteolytic enzymes act on proteins.
- Enzyme-substrate binding follows the principle of complementarity.
- Enzymes catalyzing intramolecular atom/group transfer are isomerases, ligases, transferases, hydrolases, and oxidoreductases.
- Pepsin's activation, a decrease in its molecular weight, involves partial proteolysis.
- An enzyme containing a coenzyme and having enzymatic activity is called a holoenzyme.
- Kinases catalyze phosphate group transfer.
- The active site of an enzyme is where the substrate binds.
- The body uses enzymes to carry out reactions.
- Biological fluids are used for enzyme activity measurements, such as serum.
- Enzymes have specific functions.
Biochemistry Enzyme Properties
- Enzymes exhibit specificity.
- Enzymes are insensitive to pH changes.
- Enzymes are thermally stable.
- Enzyme activity does not change after their reactions are completed.
- Enzymes have low catalytic activity.
- Enzymes are specific to their substrate.
- Allosteric center of an enzyme is a site on the enzyme where low-molecular substances attach and they differ in structures from substrates.
- Enzyme inhibitors reduce reaction rate.
- The function of vitamin B3 as a coenzyme is its ability to accept/donate electrons/protons along the pyrimidine ring.
- Pyridoxal phosphate is a component of aminotransferases.
Biochemistry Metabolism Module - II
- The respiratory chain's primary electron acceptor is ubiquinone.
- The first enzyme complex in the respiratory chain accepts electrons from NADH and transfers them to coenzyme Q.
- The final electron acceptor is oxygen, forming water.
- Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- The simultaneous processes of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are called energy conjugation.
- Uncoupling of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation leads to less ATP formation and increased heat release.
- Enzyme activity is measured to diagnose liver conditions using substances like ALT and AST.
- Some vitamins act as coenzymes, playing a role in the body.
Biochemistry Metabolism Module - III
- Glycolysis produces pyruvate in anaerobic conditions.
- Glycolysis involves substrate phosphorylation for ATP production.
- The pentose phosphate pathway forms ribose and NADPH.
- The pentose phosphate pathway is a crucial process in red blood cells for synthesis of substances like purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, cholesterol, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
- Pentose phosphate pathway produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH2 as a reducing agent.
- Important compounds like NADPH are crucial in the pentose pathway.
- Glucose is broken down to produce an energy source.
Fermentation/ Anaerobic respiration
- This process occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- It involves the conversion of glucose into pyruvate.
- It results in the production of lactic acid or ethanol.
- This process yields a smaller energy output than aerobic respiration.
Biochemistry Module - IV
- The primary role of carbohydrates in metabolism is providing energy.
- Carbohydrates are involved in diverse functions like supplying energy, antitoxic roles, and structural components in the body.
- The body uses carbohydrates as a primary source of energy.
- The body can perform various functions due to the supply of carbohydrates.
- A balanced diet includes carbohydrates, to support the body's functions.
- Excess intake of protein in food leads to a positive nitrogen balance.
- In certain conditions like illnesses, the intake of nitrogen exceeds the output in the body, leading to a positive nitrogen balance.
- Nitrogen balance is observed in pregnancy.
- Positive nitrogen balance is observed during tissue growth and after illness to restore lost tissues.
Biochemistry Module - V
- The transport of lipids through blood/lymph is via lipoproteins.
- Immature chylomicrons are synthesized in enterocytes.
- Glucagon and epinephrine activate TAG-lipase.
- TAG-lipase acts on fats stored in adipocytes.
- Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes fats in chylomicrons.
- Cholesterol is a precursor for all steroids.
- Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver.
- Lipoproteins transport lipids in the blood.
- Fatty acid synthesis utilizes acetyl-CoA.
- Increased ketone body synthesis is associated with fasting or high-fat diets.
Biochemistry Module - VI
- The respiratory chain's primary electron acceptor is ubiquinone.
- The final electron acceptor is oxygen, forming water during electron transport.
- Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Tissue respiration occurs along with oxidative phosphorylation.
- Chemical substances used to diagnose diseases are enzymes.
- Diseases like heart disease/hypovitaminosis can cause problems in metabolic reaction rates.
- Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate involves NAD+ and FAD coenzymes.
- The liver uses amino acids from muscle protein for gluconeogenesis.
- Some enzymes are involved in regulating carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
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Description
Test your knowledge on enzymatic processes and glycolysis in biochemistry. This quiz covers substrate of proteolytic enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and glycolytic pathways. Challenge yourself with a variety of questions related to enzyme functions and energy metabolism.
