Biochemistry 10.2 : Anabolism and Cell Macromolecules
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of anabolism in the cell?

  • Producing ATP from glucose
  • Utilizing energy to build larger biomolecules (correct)
  • Breaking down large biomolecules
  • Recycling amino acids

Which of the following is NOT a precursor molecule used in anabolic processes?

  • Sugars
  • Carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids

What energy currency is primarily consumed during anabolic reactions?

  • NADH
  • NADPH
  • ATP (correct)
  • FADH2

How does protein translation utilize energy?

<p>By coupling GTP hydrolysis to peptide bond formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate purpose of anabolic pathways in terms of energy storage?

<p>To build molecules that store excess energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process illustrates the anabolic pathway of lipid synthesis?

<p>Activation of fatty acids by NTPs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do NTPs play in anabolic pathways?

<p>They activate monomeric precursors for molecule formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is used to drive the synthesis of nucleic acids?

<p>NTPs or dNTPs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fed state concerning glycogen?

<p>Glycogen synthesis occurs in the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process taking place during the fasting state?

<p>Glycogen and triglyceride stores are broken down for energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a large negative ΔG value in a biochemical reaction?

<p>Energy is wasted, indicating a thermodynamically inefficient reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do redox cofactors such as NADPH play in metabolism?

<p>They are essential in the synthesis of lipids from acetyl-CoA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines catabolic processes in relation to energy storage?

<p>They supply energy by breaking down glycogen and triglycerides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ATP production in glycolysis is accurate?

<p>One step of glycolysis efficiently captures energy, resulting in a near-equilibrium ΔG. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes triglyceride storage?

<p>Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue during the fed state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might organisms store energy in glycogen or triglycerides?

<p>To supply energy during fasting or famine when fuel is less available. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason gluconeogenesis cannot use pyruvate kinase in glucose synthesis?

<p>Pyruvate kinase catalyzes an irreversible reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two enzymes catalyze the bypass reactions in gluconeogenesis?

<p>Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP consumption for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose through gluconeogenesis?

<p>6 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy loss associated with glucose cycling between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis known as?

<p>Futile cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, what is the total output from one molecule of glucose?

<p>2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of energy that is not captured during enol phosphate hydrolysis?

<p>23 kilojoules per mole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to a cell that undergoes both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis simultaneously?

<p>It would incur a net cost of 4 ATP per cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relationship between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is accurate?

<p>They are regulated to avoid energy waste associated with futile cycles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biomolecules are produced during anabolic processes?

<p>Amino acids (C), Fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What energy conversion process is primarily coupled to the formation of glycosidic bonds during polysaccharide synthesis?

<p>Activation of monomeric precursors using NTPs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is energy required for the process of building larger biomolecules during anabolism?

<p>To drive endergonic reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anabolic pathways, what is the fate of organic fuels that have not been completely oxidized?

<p>They can be converted to glucose or fatty acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between energy investment and energy yield in anabolic processes?

<p>Anabolic processes require more energy than is yielded upon oxidation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs primarily during the fed state in relation to glycogen?

<p>Glycogen synthesis takes place in the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of catabolism during fasting?

<p>Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue are broken down. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of the ΔG values in metabolic reactions?

<p>A large negative ΔG indicates energy was wasted and the reaction is irreversible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding energy capture during catabolism?

<p>Energy capture efficiency can vary based on the reaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy-storage molecules during fasting periods?

<p>Glycogen and triglycerides are broken down to provide energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anabolism

The process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

Catabolism

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles, used as a readily available energy source.

Triglycerides

A type of fat molecule that is stored in adipose tissue, serving as a long-term energy reserve.

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Fed state

The state where the body is actively digesting and absorbing nutrients, promoting the synthesis of energy storage molecules.

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Fasting state

The state where the body is using stored energy reserves to meet its energy demands, promoting the breakdown of energy storage molecules.

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ATP

The energy currency of the cell, used to power various cellular processes.

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NADPH

A type of energy currency used in specific metabolic pathways, primarily involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and other lipids.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of building glucose from smaller molecules, like pyruvate, using energy.

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Futile Cycle

A series of metabolic reactions that occur in a cycle, consuming energy without any net gain in product.

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Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP.

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Bypass Reactions

Reactions that are irreversible and require different enzymes for the reverse reaction.

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Uncaptured Energy

The energy lost during metabolic reactions that cannot be captured by the cell.

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Energy Cost Difference

The difference in ATP expenditure between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

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Pyruvate Kinase Reaction

The reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, which is irreversible in glycolysis.

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Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase

The enzyme that catalyzes the bypass reaction to convert pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis.

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What is anabolism?

Anabolism is the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones using energy. It's the opposite of catabolism, which breaks down molecules.

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How is energy used in anabolism?

In anabolism, energy currencies like ATP, NADH, and NADPH are used to create macromolecules like proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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What are the building blocks of anabolic reactions?

Proteins are anabolically built from amino acids, polysaccharides from sugars, lipids from fatty acids, and nucleic acids from nitrogenous bases.

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How is energy harnessed during anabolic processes?

Energy is used to link monomers together to form polymers. For example, GTP hydrolysis powers peptide bond formation in protein synthesis.

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What else is anabolism used for besides building structures?

Anabolic processes can create storage molecules, like glucose and fatty acids, which store excess energy for later use.

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Why store energy in complex molecules?

When storage molecules are broken down, they release a higher amount of energy than was initially invested in their synthesis.

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Give examples of anabolic processes.

Examples include protein synthesis, polysaccharide synthesis, glycerophospholipid synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis.

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Why is anabolism important for life?

Anabolism is essential for growth, repair, and energy storage in living organisms.

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Can anabolism be used for more than building structures?

Anabolic processes can store excess energy in molecules like glucose and fatty acids, which can be broken down later.

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Study Notes

Anabolism

  • Anabolism uses energy to build larger biomolecules from smaller precursors
  • Catabolism breaks down large biomolecules to release energy
  • Energy currencies like ATP, NADH, and electrochemical gradients are used in anabolism
  • Precursor molecules are used building blocks, including amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous bases
  • Energy from NTPs (e.g., ATP) is used in building processes, for example, to form peptide bonds in proteins or glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides.
  • Anabolism can store excess energy by converting organic fuels into glucose or fatty acids, enabling the body to utilize these stores when necessary.
  • These stores release more energy when broken down during fasting or famine.
  • Anabolic and catabolic reactions must be regulated to prevent wastage of energy.
  • Examples of energy-storage molecules are glycogen and triglycerides.
  • Anabolic reactions use forms of energy currency in various forms, including NTPs like GTP, and the electrochemical potential of the proton gradient.
  • Redox cofactors such as NADPH are important for the synthesis of lipids and fatty acids.

Cell Macromolecules

  • Examples of cell macromolecules are proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Building of these macromolecules requires energy input.

Energy Currency

  • NTPs, particularly ATP, are crucial energy currencies.
  • NADH and NADPH are also important energy currencies involved in redox reactions.
  • GTP is another NTP used in anabolic processes.

Coupling Energy to Reactions

  • The potential energy stored in energy currencies powers endergonic processes
  • The energy released from hydrolyzing ATP is used for anabolic reactions.
  • Examples include protein translation (GTP hydrolysis), polysaccharide and glycerophospholipid synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis.

Energy Storage

  • Organisms store energy in molecules like glycogen and triglycerides for later use.
  • These stores can be used when energy is needed during fasting or famine.

Regulation of Anabolic and Catabolic Processes

  • Regulation of metabolism is essential to prevent energy waste.
  • Futile cycles, cycling between catabolic and anabolic processes, are inefficient and waste energy.
  • Cells must regulate their processes to avoid such cycles.
  • Reciprocal regulation of catabolic and anabolic pathways is crucial to prevent futile cycles by allosteric and hormonal signals.
  • Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are examples of reciprocal regulation of catabolic and anabolic processes.

Glucose Synthesis

  • Gluconeogenesis is the anabolic process of glucose synthesis.
  • It uses bypass reactions around irreversible steps in glycolysis.
  • Gluconeogenesis requires more energy (ATP) than glycolysis produces.

Energy Capture Efficiency

  • Energy capture from biomolecules is rarely 100% efficient.
  • Inefficient reactions may release energy not readily usable by the organism.
  • In glycolysis, some energy is lost / released as heat instead of being captured in ATP production.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of anabolism, including its role in building larger biomolecules and the energy currencies involved. You'll explore how precursors like amino acids and sugars contribute to macromolecule formation and energy storage within cells. Test your understanding of biochemical pathways and energy dynamics.

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