Biochemistry 10.2 : Anabolism and Cell Macromolecules

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of anabolism in the cell?

Producing ATP from glucose

Utilizing energy to build larger biomolecules (correct)

Breaking down large biomolecules

Recycling amino acids

Which of the following is NOT a precursor molecule used in anabolic processes?

Sugars

Carbon dioxide (correct)

Amino acids

Fatty acids

What energy currency is primarily consumed during anabolic reactions?

NADH

NADPH

ATP (correct)

FADH2

How does protein translation utilize energy?

By coupling GTP hydrolysis to peptide bond formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate purpose of anabolic pathways in terms of energy storage?

To build molecules that store excess energy Signup and view all the answers

Which process illustrates the anabolic pathway of lipid synthesis?

Activation of fatty acids by NTPs Signup and view all the answers

What role do NTPs play in anabolic pathways?

They activate monomeric precursors for molecule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is used to drive the synthesis of nucleic acids?

NTPs or dNTPs Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fed state concerning glycogen?

Glycogen synthesis occurs in the liver. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process taking place during the fasting state?

Glycogen and triglyceride stores are broken down for energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a large negative ΔG value in a biochemical reaction?

Energy is wasted, indicating a thermodynamically inefficient reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What role do redox cofactors such as NADPH play in metabolism?

They are essential in the synthesis of lipids from acetyl-CoA. Signup and view all the answers

What defines catabolic processes in relation to energy storage?

They supply energy by breaking down glycogen and triglycerides. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ATP production in glycolysis is accurate?

One step of glycolysis efficiently captures energy, resulting in a near-equilibrium ΔG. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes triglyceride storage?

Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue during the fed state. Signup and view all the answers

Why might organisms store energy in glycogen or triglycerides?

To supply energy during fasting or famine when fuel is less available. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason gluconeogenesis cannot use pyruvate kinase in glucose synthesis?

Pyruvate kinase catalyzes an irreversible reaction. Signup and view all the answers

Which two enzymes catalyze the bypass reactions in gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP consumption for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose through gluconeogenesis?

6 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy loss associated with glucose cycling between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis known as?

Futile cycle Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, what is the total output from one molecule of glucose?

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of energy that is not captured during enol phosphate hydrolysis?

23 kilojoules per mole Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to a cell that undergoes both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis simultaneously?

It would incur a net cost of 4 ATP per cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relationship between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is accurate?

They are regulated to avoid energy waste associated with futile cycles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biomolecules are produced during anabolic processes?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What energy conversion process is primarily coupled to the formation of glycosidic bonds during polysaccharide synthesis?

Activation of monomeric precursors using NTPs Signup and view all the answers

Why is energy required for the process of building larger biomolecules during anabolism?

To drive endergonic reactions Signup and view all the answers

In anabolic pathways, what is the fate of organic fuels that have not been completely oxidized?

They can be converted to glucose or fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between energy investment and energy yield in anabolic processes?

Anabolic processes require more energy than is yielded upon oxidation. Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs primarily during the fed state in relation to glycogen?

Glycogen synthesis takes place in the liver. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of catabolism during fasting?

Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue are broken down. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of the ΔG values in metabolic reactions?

A large negative ΔG indicates energy was wasted and the reaction is irreversible. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding energy capture during catabolism?

Energy capture efficiency can vary based on the reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy-storage molecules during fasting periods?

Glycogen and triglycerides are broken down to provide energy. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anabolism

Anabolism uses energy to build larger biomolecules from smaller precursors
Catabolism breaks down large biomolecules to release energy
Energy currencies like ATP, NADH, and electrochemical gradients are used in anabolism
Precursor molecules are used building blocks, including amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous bases
Energy from NTPs (e.g., ATP) is used in building processes, for example, to form peptide bonds in proteins or glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides.
Anabolism can store excess energy by converting organic fuels into glucose or fatty acids, enabling the body to utilize these stores when necessary.
These stores release more energy when broken down during fasting or famine.
Anabolic and catabolic reactions must be regulated to prevent wastage of energy.
Examples of energy-storage molecules are glycogen and triglycerides.
Anabolic reactions use forms of energy currency in various forms, including NTPs like GTP, and the electrochemical potential of the proton gradient.
Redox cofactors such as NADPH are important for the synthesis of lipids and fatty acids.

Cell Macromolecules

Examples of cell macromolecules are proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Building of these macromolecules requires energy input.

Energy Currency

NTPs, particularly ATP, are crucial energy currencies.
NADH and NADPH are also important energy currencies involved in redox reactions.
GTP is another NTP used in anabolic processes.

Coupling Energy to Reactions

The potential energy stored in energy currencies powers endergonic processes
The energy released from hydrolyzing ATP is used for anabolic reactions.
Examples include protein translation (GTP hydrolysis), polysaccharide and glycerophospholipid synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis.

Energy Storage

Organisms store energy in molecules like glycogen and triglycerides for later use.
These stores can be used when energy is needed during fasting or famine.

Regulation of Anabolic and Catabolic Processes

Regulation of metabolism is essential to prevent energy waste.
Futile cycles, cycling between catabolic and anabolic processes, are inefficient and waste energy.
Cells must regulate their processes to avoid such cycles.
Reciprocal regulation of catabolic and anabolic pathways is crucial to prevent futile cycles by allosteric and hormonal signals.
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are examples of reciprocal regulation of catabolic and anabolic processes.

Glucose Synthesis

Gluconeogenesis is the anabolic process of glucose synthesis.
It uses bypass reactions around irreversible steps in glycolysis.
Gluconeogenesis requires more energy (ATP) than glycolysis produces.

Energy Capture Efficiency

Energy capture from biomolecules is rarely 100% efficient.
Inefficient reactions may release energy not readily usable by the organism.
In glycolysis, some energy is lost / released as heat instead of being captured in ATP production.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of anabolism, including its role in building larger biomolecules and the energy currencies involved. You'll explore how precursors like amino acids and sugars contribute to macromolecule formation and energy storage within cells. Test your understanding of biochemical pathways and energy dynamics.