Podcast
Questions and Answers
A 24-hour urine sample is the most common type of quantitative analysis used in urine testing.
A 24-hour urine sample is the most common type of quantitative analysis used in urine testing.
True
Cerebral spinal fluid analysis includes the testing of enzymes exclusively.
Cerebral spinal fluid analysis includes the testing of enzymes exclusively.
False
The storage of whole blood should be done in the refrigerator for long-term preservation.
The storage of whole blood should be done in the refrigerator for long-term preservation.
False
Quality Control (QC) systems in laboratories aim to maximize analytical errors.
Quality Control (QC) systems in laboratories aim to maximize analytical errors.
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Venous blood is not a type of specimen used in biochemical analysis.
Venous blood is not a type of specimen used in biochemical analysis.
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The testing of the blood group is considered a qualitative analytical procedure.
The testing of the blood group is considered a qualitative analytical procedure.
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External QC refers to the quality control procedures carried out only within a single laboratory.
External QC refers to the quality control procedures carried out only within a single laboratory.
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Patient identification must include their marital status for biochemical analysis.
Patient identification must include their marital status for biochemical analysis.
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Half of the operations involved in quantitative analytical procedures are immune to mistakes.
Half of the operations involved in quantitative analytical procedures are immune to mistakes.
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Glucose is converted to lactate during glycolysis found in erythrocytes after blood collection.
Glucose is converted to lactate during glycolysis found in erythrocytes after blood collection.
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The presence of diurnal variation has no effect on blood specimen analysis.
The presence of diurnal variation has no effect on blood specimen analysis.
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Amniotic fluid is one of the fluids analyzed in clinical laboratory tests.
Amniotic fluid is one of the fluids analyzed in clinical laboratory tests.
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The process of preparing a batch of control serum can involve thawing and mixing up to 2000 liters of plasma.
The process of preparing a batch of control serum can involve thawing and mixing up to 2000 liters of plasma.
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Both urine and faeces can be used as specimens in biochemical analysis.
Both urine and faeces can be used as specimens in biochemical analysis.
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Semi-quantitative analysis includes methods such as blood gas measurements.
Semi-quantitative analysis includes methods such as blood gas measurements.
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Haemolysis has no impact on biochemical parameter analysis.
Haemolysis has no impact on biochemical parameter analysis.
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Information on the request form helps both laboratory staff and the clinician interpret results more accurately.
Information on the request form helps both laboratory staff and the clinician interpret results more accurately.
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Factors such as posture and choice of skin-cleaning agent can influence blood specimen results.
Factors such as posture and choice of skin-cleaning agent can influence blood specimen results.
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Analysis for potassium (K) and other substances can be affected if there is a delay in blood separation.
Analysis for potassium (K) and other substances can be affected if there is a delay in blood separation.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not considered a specimen for biochemical analysis.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not considered a specimen for biochemical analysis.
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Study Notes
Specimen Collection
- Biochemical analysis requires correct specimens for the requested tests.
- Request forms must include patient information (name, address, age, sex, medical history), suspected pathology, and the requested analysis.
- Request forms vary in design.
- General request forms include patient name, identification, medical history, diagnosis, and the clinician's name.
- Biochemical analysis uses various specimens: venous blood, serum, plasma, arterial blood, capillary blood, urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, saliva, tissue and cells, and calculi.
Blood Specimens
- Factors affecting blood specimens include dietary constituents (e.g., CHO influencing GTT), drugs (e.g., phenobarbital affecting GGT), diurnal variation (e.g., iron and cortisol levels), and patient activity (e.g., bed rest, ambulation, exercise).
- Time of collection factors include patient posture, skin-cleaning agent selection, vein selection, amount of venous stasis, and hemolysis.
Changes After Blood Collection
- Glucose converts to lactate due to glycolysis in erythrocytes.
- Potassium (K), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) can pass through red blood cell membranes to plasma.
- Loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) occurs because blood CO2 is higher than air.
- Plasma phosphate increases due to hydrolysis.
- Acid phosphatase (prostate type) activity decreases.
Hemolytic Effect
- Hemolysis affects all biochemical parameters.
- Changes in serum or plasma color impact results.
Urine
- Most urinary analyses require a 24-hour timed sample.
- Urine specimen containers need preservatives to inhibit bacteria growth or acids to stabilize metabolites.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- CSF analysis includes glucose and protein levels.
- Additional tests may include cytology, bacteriology, and cell counts.
Fluids
- Different types of fluids include pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and amniotic fluid.
Storage and Transport to Lab
- Containers must be labeled correctly with patient details.
- Full test details should be included.
- Specimens should be delivered as quickly as possible to the lab.
- Serum or plasma should be stored in the refrigerator, and whole blood should not be stored overnight.
Analytical Procedures
- Quantitative analytical procedures often involve multiple steps.
- These procedures are susceptible to inaccuracies and mistakes.
- Clinical laboratories perform qualitative tests (e.g., blood typing), semi-quantitative tests (e.g., urine dipstick glucose), and quantitative tests for substance measurements.
Quality Control
- Quality Control (QC) is the study of errors in laboratory analyses and laboratory systems to minimize these errors.
- Control serum batches are prepared and stored under specific conditions for accuracy and precision in lab findings.
- QC systems monitor analytical processes, detect errors, and prevent reporting incorrect values.
Case Studies (Examples of Patient Results)
- Case 1: A 4-year-old boy with abdominal pain had abnormal plasma bilirubin, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, GGT, and corrected calcium levels.
- Case 2: A 54-year-old Nigerian male with chest pain had abnormal plasma creatinine kinase and troponin levels.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of specimen collection for biochemical analysis. It addresses the required patient information, types of specimens, and factors that affect blood specimens. Understand the significance of proper specimen handling for accurate test results.
