Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one essential element to include on a request form for biochemical analysis?
What is one essential element to include on a request form for biochemical analysis?
Which of the following specimens is NOT typically used in biochemical analysis?
Which of the following specimens is NOT typically used in biochemical analysis?
Which factor would affect the results of venous blood specimens the least?
Which factor would affect the results of venous blood specimens the least?
What is the primary consequence of glycolysis in erythrocytes after blood collection?
What is the primary consequence of glycolysis in erythrocytes after blood collection?
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Which of the following changes in blood specimens is likely due to delayed separation?
Which of the following changes in blood specimens is likely due to delayed separation?
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What effect does hemolysis have on biochemical parameter analysis?
What effect does hemolysis have on biochemical parameter analysis?
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Which of the following would be a suitable indication of suspected pathology on a request form?
Which of the following would be a suitable indication of suspected pathology on a request form?
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Which component is measured in biochemical testing and is influenced by dietary intake?
Which component is measured in biochemical testing and is influenced by dietary intake?
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What is a significant factor to consider regarding the time of collection for blood specimens?
What is a significant factor to consider regarding the time of collection for blood specimens?
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What information is least likely to aid in the interpretation of biochemical analysis results?
What information is least likely to aid in the interpretation of biochemical analysis results?
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What is the primary reason a timed urine sample is often difficult for patients to collect?
What is the primary reason a timed urine sample is often difficult for patients to collect?
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Which type of analysis is included in the cerebral spinal fluid biochemical analysis?
Which type of analysis is included in the cerebral spinal fluid biochemical analysis?
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What is essential to ensure during the storage and transport of specimens to the laboratory?
What is essential to ensure during the storage and transport of specimens to the laboratory?
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What does the term 'semi-quantitative' most accurately describe?
What does the term 'semi-quantitative' most accurately describe?
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Which aspect of laboratory testing is emphasized in quality control systems?
Which aspect of laboratory testing is emphasized in quality control systems?
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In a quality control system, what is the significance of external QC?
In a quality control system, what is the significance of external QC?
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Which process is crucial for minimizing errors in quantitative analytical procedures?
Which process is crucial for minimizing errors in quantitative analytical procedures?
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What is the purpose of preparing a batch of control serum?
What is the purpose of preparing a batch of control serum?
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Which fluid is NOT typically analyzed in clinical settings according to the content provided?
Which fluid is NOT typically analyzed in clinical settings according to the content provided?
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What is one of the primary elements of a timely specimen collection for effective laboratory analysis?
What is one of the primary elements of a timely specimen collection for effective laboratory analysis?
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Study Notes
Specimen Collection
- Biochemical analysis requires correct specimens for requested tests.
- Request forms should include detailed patient information (name, address, age, sex, medical history), suspected pathology, and the requested analysis.
- The forms should also include the name of the clinician requesting the test.
- Various specimens are used, including venous blood, serum, plasma, arterial blood, capillary blood, urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, tissue and cells, and calculi.
Blood Specimens
- Factors affecting blood specimens include dietary components (CHO influence on GTT), drugs (phenobarb effects on GGT), diurnal variation (e.g., iron and cortisol levels), and patient activity (bed rest, ambulant, exercise).
- Time of specimen collection is crucial. Factors like patient posture, skin-cleaning agent, vein selection, degree of venous stasis, and hemolysis must be considered.
Changes After Blood Collection
- Glycolysis converts glucose to lactate in erythrocytes.
- Potassium (K), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can pass through red blood cell membranes.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in blood are higher than in air.
- Plasma phosphate increases due to hydrolysis.
- Acid phosphatase activity (Prostate type) decreases.
Hemolytic Effects
- Hemolysis affects all biochemical parameters due to one-step methods.
- Changes in serum or plasma color affect results.
Urine
- Most urine analyses require a 24-hour timed sample.
- Urine specimen containers need preservatives to inhibit bacteria growth or acids to stabilize metabolites.
CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
- CSF analysis includes glucose, protein, and other laboratory tests, including cytology, bacteriology, and cell counts.
Fluids
- Types of fluids include pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and amniotic fluid.
Storage and Transport
- Containers must be correctly and clearly labeled with full patient and test details.
- Specimens should be delivered to the lab as quickly as possible.
- Serum or plasma, not whole blood, should be stored in the refrigerator overnight.
Qualitative, Semi-Quantitative, and Quantitative Analysis
- Most quantitative analyses involve several steps and may be prone to errors.
- Qualitative methods include blood grouping.
- Semi-quantitative approaches use dipsticks (e.g., glucose in urine).
- Quantitative methods measure substance amounts based on instrument readings.
Quality Control (QC)
- Quality control is defined as the study of mistakes.
- The QC system minimizes and recognizes analytical errors.
- A control serum batch (e.g., 2000 L plasma) undergoes thawing, pooling, defibrination, supplementation with various analytes, and mixing. Vials are lyophilized and capped under nitrogen.
QC Purpose
- Monitor analytical process.
- Detect analytical errors.
- Prevent incorrect patient result reporting.
Case Studies (Examples)
- Case 1: A 4-year-old boy with abdominal pain had plasma bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and corrected calcium measured.
- Case 2: A 54-year-old Nigerian male with chest pain had plasma creatinine kinase and troponin measured.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential aspects of specimen collection for biochemical analysis. It covers the necessary information included in request forms, the types of specimens used, factors affecting blood specimens, and considerations after blood collection. Test your understanding of these crucial topics in laboratory practices.
