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What is the study of the structure of the body and its parts?
What is the study of the structure of the body and its parts?
Anatomy
Structure determines function.
Structure determines function.
True
What are the three subdivisions of Gross Anatomy?
What are the three subdivisions of Gross Anatomy?
What are the two subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy?
What are the two subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy?
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The study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan is known as what?
The study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan is known as what?
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Which of the following is NOT a level of structural organization in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT a level of structural organization in the human body?
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Match the following organ systems with their main functions, based on the provided descriptions.
Match the following organ systems with their main functions, based on the provided descriptions.
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What two systems are responsible for communication within the body?
What two systems are responsible for communication within the body?
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What is homeostasis?
What is homeostasis?
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Homeostatic Imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis that has positive effects on the body.
Homeostatic Imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis that has positive effects on the body.
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What is the function of a receptor in homeostatic control?
What is the function of a receptor in homeostatic control?
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What is the role of a control center in homeostatic regulation?
What is the role of a control center in homeostatic regulation?
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Negative feedback mechanisms amplify the initial stimulus, pushing the variable further away from the set point.
Negative feedback mechanisms amplify the initial stimulus, pushing the variable further away from the set point.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a physiological process typically regulated by negative feedback?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physiological process typically regulated by negative feedback?
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How does negative feedback work in maintaining body temperature?
How does negative feedback work in maintaining body temperature?
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Positive feedback mechanisms are always beneficial to the body.
Positive feedback mechanisms are always beneficial to the body.
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What is the difference between the anatomical position and the supine position?
What is the difference between the anatomical position and the supine position?
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If you are standing and facing forward, where is your little finger relative to your thumb?
If you are standing and facing forward, where is your little finger relative to your thumb?
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Match the following anatomical directional terms with their descriptions:
Match the following anatomical directional terms with their descriptions:
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What are the two main divisions of the axial region of the body?
What are the two main divisions of the axial region of the body?
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What are the two main divisions of the appendicular region of the body?
What are the two main divisions of the appendicular region of the body?
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A section is a hypothetical line used to transect the body, while a plane is the actual cut made.
A section is a hypothetical line used to transect the body, while a plane is the actual cut made.
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Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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What is the difference between a sagittal plane and a midsagittal plane?
What is the difference between a sagittal plane and a midsagittal plane?
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What type of plane makes a diagonal cross section?
What type of plane makes a diagonal cross section?
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The cranial cavity houses what structure?
The cranial cavity houses what structure?
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What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
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What is another term for the ventral body cavity?
What is another term for the ventral body cavity?
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What is the name for the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity?
What is the name for the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity?
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Match the following terms with their corresponding components based on the naming convention of serous membranes:
Match the following terms with their corresponding components based on the naming convention of serous membranes:
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Which of the following cavities does NOT use a serous membrane?
Which of the following cavities does NOT use a serous membrane?
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The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into nine regions by anatomists.
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into nine regions by anatomists.
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What term describes the division of the abdominopelvic cavity when used for medical purposes?
What term describes the division of the abdominopelvic cavity when used for medical purposes?
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The anatomical terms used for directional orientation and body regions are the same in all fields of healthcare.
The anatomical terms used for directional orientation and body regions are the same in all fields of healthcare.
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What does 'Homeo' mean in the term 'homeostasis'?
What does 'Homeo' mean in the term 'homeostasis'?
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What does 'stasis' mean in the term 'homeostasis'?
What does 'stasis' mean in the term 'homeostasis'?
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Study Notes
Bio 32: Human Anatomy and Physiology I
- Course name: Human Anatomy and Physiology I
- Professor: Rebecka Zepeda
Orientation to the Human Body
- Figure Credit: Chapter 1, Marieb & Hoehn, 2020, Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th Ed.)
Lecture Objectives
- Define Anatomy and Physiology and their relationship
- Name the organization levels of the human body and explain the relationships
- Name the eleven organ systems and their main functions
- List essential human body functions
- List the needs for human survival
- Define and explain homeostasis
- Define negative and positive feedback and their roles in homeostasis
- Connect homeostatic imbalance with disease
- Describe and demonstrate correct anatomical position
- Use anatomical terms to describe directions, surfaces, and planes/sections
- Locate and identify major body cavities and membranes, regions, and quadrants
Key Terms
- Anatomy: The study of structure including shape of the body and its parts
- Physiology: The study of the function of body structures
- What are the parts of the body?
- How do the parts work?
Anatomy + Physiology
- Anatomy and Physiology are closely linked
- Structure determines function
- Physiology (healthy): function
- Pathology: study of structural changes that lead to disease
- Pathophysiology: study of function and symptoms of diseased organs
Anatomy + Physiology (Examples)
- How many chambers?
- What is structure?
- Does structure affect function?
- What happens in the case of a fracture (broken bone)?
Anatomy + Physiology (Red Blood Cell)
- Structure: Biconcave, no nucleus, hemoglobin
- Function: Transports oxygen
Branches of Anatomy
- A. Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy: Study of large structures visible to the naked eye (regional, systemic, surface anatomy)
- Methods: dissection, endoscopy, radiological imaging (X-rays and MRIs)
- B. Microscopic Anatomy: Study of smaller structures visible only with a microscope (cytology, histology)
- C. Developmental Anatomy: Study of structural changes throughout the lifespan (embryology)
- D. Physiology (divisions): renal physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology
Levels of Structural Organization
- Organization: Chemical level → Organelle level → Cellular level → Tissue level → Organ level → Organ system level → Organismal level
- Relationship: Levels work together with a common function
Practice Exam Questions (Order)
- Chemicals
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
Organ Systems
- Immune/Lymphatic
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Muscular
- Urinary
- Skeletal
- Integumentary
- Cardiovascular
Immune/Lymphatic System
- Picks up leaked blood fluid, returns to blood
- Cleans blood (removes debris, pathogens, toxins)
- Stores white blood cells (immune)
- Attacks foreign substances (immune)
- Affects behavior, social interaction (immune)
Nervous System
- Body's control system
- Responds to internal and external changes (stimuli)
- Via activation of muscles and glands
Endocrine System
- Secrete hormones (chemical messengers)
- Regulates specific processes
- Thyroid: metabolic rate
- Adrenal: stress response, blood pressure
- Pancreas: blood sugar
- Ovaries/Testes: reproduction
Reproductive System
- Overall function: production of offspring
- Male reproductive system: sperm production, delivery
- Female reproductive system: egg production, fertilization, development, newborn nutrition
Respiratory System
- Provides oxygen supply
- Removes CO2 (waste)
Digestive System
- Breaks down food
- Absorbs nutrients and water
- Delivers to tissues/organs via blood
- Eliminates feces
Muscular System
- Single function: contract (move)
- Locomotion
- Facial expression
- Maintain posture
- As a result, produces heat
Urinary System
- Removes waste by-products of bodily processes via urine (nitrogen)
- Regulates blood (water, electrolytes, acid-base balance)
Skeletal System
- Provides support and protection for organs
- Provides framework for movement of muscles
- Bones store minerals
- Red marrow site of blood cell production
Integumentary System
- External cover for the body (skin, hair, nails)
- Provides cushion
- Protects deeper tissues
- Produces vitamin D
- Sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.)
- Regulates temperature
- Houses sweat and oil glands
Cardiovascular System
- Pumps blood throughout the body
- Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones via blood vessels
- Removes waste (CO2) via blood vessels
Maintaining Life
- Eight functions: maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
- Survival needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, normal atmospheric pressure
Maintaining Homeostasis
- Necessary for normal body function
- State of equilibrium/balance
- Communication (nervous and endocrine systems) is key
Maintaining Homeostasis (Processes)
- Receptor: detects changes (stimuli)
- Control center: determines set point and analyzes information
- Effector: executes response to maintain/return to set point
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative Feedback: most homeostatic control mechanisms, shuts off/reduces intensity of stimulus (ex: body temperature)
- Positive Feedback: amplifies stimulus (ex: blood clotting, birth, sexual response) – usually harmful in other situations
Body Cavities
- Dorsal Cavity (cranial, spinal)
- Ventral Cavity (thoracic, abdominopelvic)
- Other cavities (oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial joints)
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
- The body has 4 and 9 regions
- Used in medical and anatomical contexts
Planes
- Frontal/Coronal
- Transverse/Cross
- Sagittal
- Midsagittal/Median
- Oblique
Practice Exam Questions (Examples)
- Anatomical position definitions
- Function of various body planes
- Body cavity descriptions
Directional Terms
- Superior/Inferior
- Anterior/Posterior
- Medial/Lateral
- Proximal/Distal
- Superficial/Deep
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology I, focusing on the organization of the human body, including various organ systems and their functions. Explore the dynamics of homeostasis, anatomical terminology, and essential survival needs. Perfect for students eager to understand the intricate relationships between body structure and function.
