Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the position of lying face up?

Prone

Lateral

Prone Up

Supine (correct)

What is the anatomical term for movement that decreases the angle between two parts of the body?

Extension

Flexion (correct)

Rotation

Abduction

Which of the following planes divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

Sagittal Plane

Coronal Plane (correct)

Transverse Plane

Median Plane

Which term correctly describes a structure located toward the tail of the body?

Caudal Signup and view all the answers

What type of anatomy integrates regional and systemic approaches?

Clinical Anatomy Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle action is characterized by moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terminology, what is the term for the position toward the head?

Cranial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the perineurium?

To act as an effective barrier against foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves?

They are formed in bilateral pairs from segments of the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

In the autonomic nervous system, what distinguishes the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division?

Sympathetic fibers innervate both body wall and internal organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a myotome?

A muscle mass receiving fibers from a single spinal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic innervation?

3, 7, 9, 10 Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is the femur classified as?

Long bone Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage covers the joint surface of an epiphysis?

Articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Sutures, which are classified as fibrous joints, are primarily found between which of the following?

Skull bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of syndesmoses joints?

They are moveable but limited in motion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized by being connected primarily by cartilage?

Cartilaginous joint Signup and view all the answers

What structure is commonly referred to as the growth plate in long bones?

Epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

In terms of joint classification, which joint type is NOT directly joined?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is classified as irregular?

Vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fibrous joints allows some movement but less than synovial joints?

Syndesmosis Signup and view all the answers

The epiphyseal line in adults is a remnant of which structure?

Hyaline cartilage plate Signup and view all the answers

What structure in bone is described as a spool-like articular process?

Trochlea Signup and view all the answers

Which type of artery is primarily responsible for distributing blood throughout the body?

Medium muscular arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of periosteal arteries in bone physiology?

They supply the compact bone. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of blood vessels consists primarily of smooth muscle?

Tunica media Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nutrient arteries in bone?

Entering through nutrient foramina Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characterized as a rounded, knuckle-like articular area in bone?

Condyle Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cardiovascular system, which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone marking is described as an elongated depression?

Groove Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of large elastic arteries?

They have many elastic layers. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the vascular system carries oxygen-poor blood back to the heart?

Inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs when the knees are straightened from a sitting position?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the action of raising the arms laterally away from the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

What does internal rotation of a limb involve?

Rotating the limb around its axis towards the midline Signup and view all the answers

During what movement are the toes brought closer to the shin?

Dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

Which action is an example of circumduction?

Serving a ball in tennis Signup and view all the answers

What describes the motion of bringing the knees together?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is elevation?

Movement above the horizontal Signup and view all the answers

How is adduction best demonstrated?

Dropping arms to the sides Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is characterized by decreasing the angle between two body parts?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body
Approaches to studying anatomy include regional and systemic
Regional anatomy studies a specific body region in detail
Systemic anatomy studies the body system-by-system throughout the entire body
Examples of regional anatomy include the head, neck, and gluteal region
An example of systemic anatomy is the circulatory system
Clinical anatomy integrates regional and systemic approaches

Objectives

Objectives for understanding anatomy include describing the normal anatomical position and listing the appropriate terms
Objectives also include identifying body planes and relating movements to these planes
Movement terms (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation) are to be learned
Different muscle types and their functions are to be understood
Distinguishing between fascia, tendons, and ligaments and giving examples of each is important
Identifying axial and appendicular bones and joint classification are also objectives
Understanding how skeletal muscle actions are influenced and reflect on their actions on joints is also included
Distinguishing between different types of nervous systems and their functions, and listing different body systems and explaining their functions are also objectives

Anatomical Terminology

Supine: lying face up
Prone: lying face down
Anterior (ventral): toward the front
Posterior (dorsal): toward the back
Superior (cranial): toward the head
Inferior (caudal): away from the head, toward the tail
Medial: towards the midline of the body
Lateral: away from the midline of the body
Proximal: closer to the point of origin or attachment
Distal: farther from the point of origin or attachment
Superficial: closer to the body surface
Deep: farther from the body surface

Anatomical Planes

Median plane: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Sagittal plane: any plane parallel to the median plane
Coronal (frontal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Joint Actions

Flexion, extension
Abduction, adduction
Rotation (internal, external)
Circumduction
Elevation, depression

Movements of the Foot

Dorsiflexion: move the foot upwards
Plantar flexion: move the foot downwards

Movements of the Hand

Palmar flexion: movement that decreases the angle between the palm and the forearm
Dorsiflexion: movement that extends the wrist

Pronation and Supination

Pronation: turning the palm of the hand facing downward
Supination: turning the palm of the hand facing upward

Inversion and Eversion

Inversion: movement that turns the sole of the foot inward
Eversion: movement that turns the sole of the foot outward

Movements at the Jaw (TMJ)

Protrusion: moving the jaw forward
Retrusion: moving the jaw backward

Skin and Fascia

Skin is the largest organ of the body, comprised of the epidermis and dermis.
Epidermis is the top layer, avascular, and varies in thickness
Dermis contains vascular connective tissue

Fascia, Fascial Compartments, Bursae

Fascia is a wrapping, packing, and insulating material around deep structures
Superficial fascia is a dense, organized connective tissue lacking fat
Deep fascia is found surrounding muscles and neurovascular bundles

Types of Muscles

Skeletal: voluntary, attached to bones
Cardiac: involuntary, heart
Smooth: involuntary, found in internal organs

Functions of Muscles

Prime mover (agonist): responsible for specific movement
Fixator: steadies the proximal parts of a limb
Synergist: complements the action of a prime mover
Antagonist: opposes the action of a prime mover

Skeletal System

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons
Functions: support, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
Types of bones include long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
Note the key bone markings include facet, foramen, spine, fossa, line, head, trochanter and others

Nervous System

Neurons: are electrically excitable cells. They transmit information through chemical signals.
Neuroglia: non-excitable cells that support, insulate, and nourish neurons in the Central Nervous System
Synapses: the points of contact between neurons where communication occurs.
CNS: composed of the brain and spinal cord
PNS: composed of nerve fibers outside the CNS
Coverings of a Nerve: Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium
Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and myotome and dermatome
Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system, and its components: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Cardiovascular System

Transports fluids
Consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
Comprised of the heart and blood vessels

Circulatory System - Blood Vessels

Arteries, veins, capillaries
Three layers in blood vessel walls (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa).
Important distinctions exist between types of arteries (conducting, distributing, small).
Anastomoses are connections between arteries.

Lymphoid System

Provides drainage of excess fluid and leaked proteins.
Composed of lymphatic vessels, capillaries, nodes, and organs.
Drainage from superficial to deep towards lymphatic ducts (right and thoracic).
Role in the body's defense system and spread of cancerous cells.

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Description

Test your knowledge on essential terms and concepts in human anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers topics from anatomical positions to muscle actions and nerve classifications. Perfect for students learning about the complexities of the human body.