Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the position of lying face up?

  • Prone
  • Lateral
  • Prone Up
  • Supine (correct)

What is the anatomical term for movement that decreases the angle between two parts of the body?

  • Extension
  • Flexion (correct)
  • Rotation
  • Abduction

Which of the following planes divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

  • Sagittal Plane
  • Coronal Plane (correct)
  • Transverse Plane
  • Median Plane

Which term correctly describes a structure located toward the tail of the body?

<p>Caudal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anatomy integrates regional and systemic approaches?

<p>Clinical Anatomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle action is characterized by moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

<p>Abduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terminology, what is the term for the position toward the head?

<p>Cranial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the perineurium?

<p>To act as an effective barrier against foreign substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves?

<p>They are formed in bilateral pairs from segments of the spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the autonomic nervous system, what distinguishes the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division?

<p>Sympathetic fibers innervate both body wall and internal organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a myotome?

<p>A muscle mass receiving fibers from a single spinal nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic innervation?

<p>3, 7, 9, 10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is the femur classified as?

<p>Long bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage covers the joint surface of an epiphysis?

<p>Articular cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sutures, which are classified as fibrous joints, are primarily found between which of the following?

<p>Skull bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of syndesmoses joints?

<p>They are moveable but limited in motion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized by being connected primarily by cartilage?

<p>Cartilaginous joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is commonly referred to as the growth plate in long bones?

<p>Epiphyseal plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of joint classification, which joint type is NOT directly joined?

<p>Synovial joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is classified as irregular?

<p>Vertebrae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fibrous joints allows some movement but less than synovial joints?

<p>Syndesmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epiphyseal line in adults is a remnant of which structure?

<p>Hyaline cartilage plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in bone is described as a spool-like articular process?

<p>Trochlea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of artery is primarily responsible for distributing blood throughout the body?

<p>Medium muscular arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of periosteal arteries in bone physiology?

<p>They supply the compact bone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of blood vessels consists primarily of smooth muscle?

<p>Tunica media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nutrient arteries in bone?

<p>Entering through nutrient foramina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characterized as a rounded, knuckle-like articular area in bone?

<p>Condyle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cardiovascular system, which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?

<p>Arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone marking is described as an elongated depression?

<p>Groove (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of large elastic arteries?

<p>They have many elastic layers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the vascular system carries oxygen-poor blood back to the heart?

<p>Inferior vena cava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs when the knees are straightened from a sitting position?

<p>Extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the action of raising the arms laterally away from the body?

<p>Abduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does internal rotation of a limb involve?

<p>Rotating the limb around its axis towards the midline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what movement are the toes brought closer to the shin?

<p>Dorsiflexion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is an example of circumduction?

<p>Serving a ball in tennis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the motion of bringing the knees together?

<p>Adduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is elevation?

<p>Movement above the horizontal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is adduction best demonstrated?

<p>Dropping arms to the sides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is characterized by decreasing the angle between two body parts?

<p>Flexion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position for anatomical descriptions. The body stands erect, with the arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet slightly apart.

Supine

Lying on your back, face up.

Prone

Lying on your stomach, face down.

Anterior (Ventral)

Towards the front of the body.

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Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards the back of the body.

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Cranial (Cephalic)

Towards the head.

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Caudal

Towards the tailbone.

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Flexion

A bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts. Example: When sitting down, the knees are flexed.

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Extension

The opposite of flexion, movement that increases the angle between body parts. Example: When standing up, the knees are extended.

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Abduction and Adduction

Refers to motions that move a structure away from or towards the center of the body.

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Abduction

A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body. Example: Spreading your fingers apart, raising your arms laterally.

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Adduction

A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body. Example: Dropping your arms to your sides, bringing your knees together.

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Internal Rotation

The turning of a limb about its axis of rotation toward the midline of the body.

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External Rotation

Rotation away from the center of the body.

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Circumduction

A conical movement of a body part that is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. Example: Performing a serve in tennis.

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Elevation

Movement in a superior direction. Example: Shrugging your shoulders.

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What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

The long shaft of a bone, containing the marrow cavity.

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What are the epiphyses of a long bone?

The ends of a long bone, covered by articular cartilage.

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What is the epiphyseal plate?

A hyaline cartilage plate located in the metaphysis of long bones, responsible for longitudinal growth.

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What is the epiphyseal line?

The remnant of the epiphyseal plate after growth has stopped in adults.

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What is a fibrous joint?

A type of joint where bones are united by dense regular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers.

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What is a cartilaginous joint?

A type of joint where bones are joined by cartilage.

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What is a synovial joint?

A type of joint where bones are not directly joined, but have a synovial cavity and are united by an articular capsule.

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What are sutures?

Found between bones of the skull, they are fixed joints that allow for slight movement during birth and become rigid later.

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What are syndesmoses?

Found between long bones of the body, they are movable joints that allow for limited movement.

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What is a gomphosis?

Found between the root of a tooth and its socket in the jaw, they are fixed joints that provide stability to teeth.

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Trochlea

A spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley.

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Notch

An indentation at the edge of a bone.

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Protuberance

A projection of bone.

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Trochanter

A large, blunt elevation on a bone.

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Line

A linear elevation on a bone.

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Capitulum

A small, round, articular head on a bone.

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Condyle

A rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs.

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Epicondyle

An eminence superior to a condyle.

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Groove

An elongated depression in a bone.

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Perineurium

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers. It acts as a protective barrier, preventing foreign substances from entering the nerve.

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Epineurium

The outermost covering of a nerve, made of thick connective tissue. It contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fatty tissue that support and protect the nerve.

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Dermatome

The area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve. This means the sensory information from that skin area is carried by that specific nerve.

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Myotome

The group of muscles that are innervated by a single spinal nerve. The nerve sends signals to these muscles, controlling their movements.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The part of the nervous system responsible for controlling involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion. It operates in the background, keeping your body running smoothly.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Anatomy

  • Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body
  • Approaches to studying anatomy include regional and systemic
  • Regional anatomy studies a specific body region in detail
  • Systemic anatomy studies the body system-by-system throughout the entire body
  • Examples of regional anatomy include the head, neck, and gluteal region
  • An example of systemic anatomy is the circulatory system
  • Clinical anatomy integrates regional and systemic approaches

Objectives

  • Objectives for understanding anatomy include describing the normal anatomical position and listing the appropriate terms
  • Objectives also include identifying body planes and relating movements to these planes
  • Movement terms (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation) are to be learned
  • Different muscle types and their functions are to be understood
  • Distinguishing between fascia, tendons, and ligaments and giving examples of each is important
  • Identifying axial and appendicular bones and joint classification are also objectives
  • Understanding how skeletal muscle actions are influenced and reflect on their actions on joints is also included
  • Distinguishing between different types of nervous systems and their functions, and listing different body systems and explaining their functions are also objectives

Anatomical Terminology

  • Supine: lying face up
  • Prone: lying face down
  • Anterior (ventral): toward the front
  • Posterior (dorsal): toward the back
  • Superior (cranial): toward the head
  • Inferior (caudal): away from the head, toward the tail
  • Medial: towards the midline of the body
  • Lateral: away from the midline of the body
  • Proximal: closer to the point of origin or attachment
  • Distal: farther from the point of origin or attachment
  • Superficial: closer to the body surface
  • Deep: farther from the body surface

Anatomical Planes

  • Median plane: divides the body into equal left and right halves
  • Sagittal plane: any plane parallel to the median plane
  • Coronal (frontal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Joint Actions

  • Flexion, extension
  • Abduction, adduction
  • Rotation (internal, external)
  • Circumduction
  • Elevation, depression

Movements of the Foot

  • Dorsiflexion: move the foot upwards
  • Plantar flexion: move the foot downwards

Movements of the Hand

  • Palmar flexion: movement that decreases the angle between the palm and the forearm
  • Dorsiflexion: movement that extends the wrist

Pronation and Supination

  • Pronation: turning the palm of the hand facing downward
  • Supination: turning the palm of the hand facing upward

Inversion and Eversion

  • Inversion: movement that turns the sole of the foot inward
  • Eversion: movement that turns the sole of the foot outward

Movements at the Jaw (TMJ)

  • Protrusion: moving the jaw forward
  • Retrusion: moving the jaw backward

Skin and Fascia

  • Skin is the largest organ of the body, comprised of the epidermis and dermis.
  • Epidermis is the top layer, avascular, and varies in thickness
  • Dermis contains vascular connective tissue

Fascia, Fascial Compartments, Bursae

  • Fascia is a wrapping, packing, and insulating material around deep structures
  • Superficial fascia is a dense, organized connective tissue lacking fat
  • Deep fascia is found surrounding muscles and neurovascular bundles

Types of Muscles

  • Skeletal: voluntary, attached to bones
  • Cardiac: involuntary, heart
  • Smooth: involuntary, found in internal organs

Functions of Muscles

  • Prime mover (agonist): responsible for specific movement
  • Fixator: steadies the proximal parts of a limb
  • Synergist: complements the action of a prime mover
  • Antagonist: opposes the action of a prime mover

Skeletal System

  • Bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons
  • Functions: support, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
  • Types of bones include long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
  • Note the key bone markings include facet, foramen, spine, fossa, line, head, trochanter and others

Nervous System

  • Neurons: are electrically excitable cells. They transmit information through chemical signals.
  • Neuroglia: non-excitable cells that support, insulate, and nourish neurons in the Central Nervous System
  • Synapses: the points of contact between neurons where communication occurs.
  • CNS: composed of the brain and spinal cord
  • PNS: composed of nerve fibers outside the CNS
  • Coverings of a Nerve: Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium
  • Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and myotome and dermatome
  • Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system, and its components: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Cardiovascular System

  • Transports fluids
  • Consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
  • Comprised of the heart and blood vessels

Circulatory System - Blood Vessels

  • Arteries, veins, capillaries
  • Three layers in blood vessel walls (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa).
  • Important distinctions exist between types of arteries (conducting, distributing, small).
  • Anastomoses are connections between arteries.

Lymphoid System

  • Provides drainage of excess fluid and leaked proteins.
  • Composed of lymphatic vessels, capillaries, nodes, and organs.
  • Drainage from superficial to deep towards lymphatic ducts (right and thoracic).
  • Role in the body's defense system and spread of cancerous cells.

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