BIO 110: Final Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for carbon fixation during photosynthesis?

  • Dehydrogenase
  • Rubisco (correct)
  • Camase
  • Flonase

Which of the following statements is NOT a law of thermodynamics?

  • Entropy in the universe increases over time
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed
  • The entropy of a substance at absolute zero becomes constant
  • All free energy can be recaptured by organisms (correct)

Which situation could influence an enzyme's affinity for its substrate?

  • Neither
  • Both (correct)
  • Changed pH
  • Changed temperature

In a redox reaction, what type of particles are transferred between atoms or molecules?

<p>Electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The starting point for RNA transcription on a chromosome is referred to as the?

<p>Promoter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the portions of the mRNA transcript that are retained after splicing called?

<p>Exons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRNA vaccine technology started to develop a few decades ago in response to which context?

<p>A few decades ago, in response to other diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in microbes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do human beings require oxygen from a metabolic perspective?

<p>For aerobic respiration processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the observable traits of an organism known as?

<p>Phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason plants release O2 into the atmosphere?

<p>During photosynthesis as a byproduct of water-splitting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation results in the substitution of one amino acid for another?

<p>Missense Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a p-value of 0.02 indicate regarding the null hypothesis in a t-test?

<p>Reject my null hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes two homologous chromosomes?

<p>The same loci, but some different alleles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic do viruses share with living organisms?

<p>Biological Evolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers specifically to traits dictated by genetic inheritance?

<p>Heritable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An amino acid needed in the diet is known as what?

<p>Essential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temperature of an ecosystem is categorized as which type of factor?

<p>Abiotic Factor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of mutations in checkpoint protein genes?

<p>Uncontrolled cell growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color of visible light can chlorophyll NOT absorb?

<p>Green (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Punnett square involving a heterozygous Blood type B individual and a type O individual, what is the likelihood of having a type A child?

<p>0% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential application of recombinant organisms?

<p>Producing insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial cells are primarily classified as what?

<p>Prokaryotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freshwater stream water compared to a typical animal cell is classified as what?

<p>Hypotonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when genetic material is described as transmissible?

<p>It can be inherited from parents to offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two black mice, exhibiting incomplete dominance for fur color, are bred, what is the probability of producing gray offspring?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In osmosis, water moves from areas of _______ solute concentration to areas of _______ solute concentration.

<p>Lower; Higher (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly influences the variation in genetic material within a population?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the evolutionary relationship of two species in the same family but different genus?

<p>More closely related (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

DNA

A double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms.

Polypeptide Chain

A linear chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, forming the basic structure of proteins.

Transmissible Genetic Material

Genetic information that can be passed down from one generation to the next.

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Variation in Genetic Material

Differences in DNA sequences within a population, leading to diversity in traits.

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mRNA Vaccine

A vaccine that uses mRNA to instruct cells to produce a specific protein, triggering an immune response without using the actual virus.

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Recombinant Organism

An organism that has been genetically modified to carry genes from another organism.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction between genotype and environment.

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Missense Mutation

A type of mutation that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein.

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Heritable Trait

A trait that is passed down from parents to offspring through genes.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy. This is essential for maintaining cell function and transporting vital molecules.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by larger cells and formed a symbiotic relationship.

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Cell Theory Components

The three main components of cell theory are:

  1. All living organisms are made of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic units of life.
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and thrive in the presence of antibiotics, often through mutations in DNA.

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Rubisco

The enzyme responsible for fixing carbon dioxide during the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

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Impact on Enzyme Affinity

Changes in pH and temperature can affect the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate. This affects how well the enzyme can bind and catalyze reactions.

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Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another. This results in changes in oxidation states.

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Human Need for Oxygen

Humans need oxygen for cellular respiration, specifically oxidative phosphorylation. This process produces ATP, the energy currency of our cells, by using oxygen as a final electron acceptor.

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Plant Oxygen Release

Plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. During the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a waste product.

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P-value in Hypothesis Testing

The probability of observing the experimental results if the null hypothesis is true. A low p-value (typically less than 0.05) suggests strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

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Viruses - Living or Non-living?

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack the necessary characteristics of life, such as cellular structure and metabolism. However, they exhibit biological evolution, meaning they can change and adapt over time.

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Essential Amino Acids

Essential amino acids are those that the human body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet. They are essential for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes, and performing other vital functions.

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Abiotic Factor

An abiotic factor is a non-living component of the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil.

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DNA vs. RNA: Three Differences

DNA and RNA differ in their sugar molecule (deoxyribose vs. ribose), their nitrogenous bases (thymine vs. uracil), and their structure (double-stranded vs. single-stranded).

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Evolutionary Relatedness

Species that share a more recent common ancestor are considered more closely related than those with a more distant common ancestor.

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Polar Molecules and Hydrogen Bonding

A polar molecule has an uneven distribution of charge, creating a positive and negative end. These opposite charges allow hydrogen bonds to form between polar molecules.

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Scientific Theory

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, supported by a large body of evidence and repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation.

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Chlorophyll and Light Absorption

Chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for photosynthesis, absorbs light from all colors except green, which is why plants appear green.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells and include bacteria and archaea.

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Study Notes

BIO 110: Final Exam Format

  • The exam is divided into five sections, each representing a course unit.
  • Each section contains four multiple-choice questions (2 points each) and four short-answer questions (4 points each).
  • Answer all multiple-choice questions.
  • Skip one short-answer question per section.
  • Each section is worth 20 points.
  • The entire exam is worth 100 points.

Section 1: Principles of Life and Properties of Biomolecules

  • Question 1: A p-value of 0.02 in a t-test indicates rejection of the null hypothesis.
  • Question 2: Viruses possess the characteristic of energy use and metabolism.
  • Question 3: Essential amino acids must be consumed through diet.
  • Question 4: Temperature is an abiotic factor in ecosystems.
  • Question 5: List three differences between DNA and RNA.
  • Question 6: Species A and B, sharing the same family but different genus, are more closely related than species C and D (same order & different family), or species E and F (same class & different order).
  • Question 7: Polar molecules, like water, engage in hydrogen bonding through partial positive and negative charges on the molecule, influencing physical properties.

Section 2: Principles of Cell Biology

  • Question 9: Chlorophyll absorbs all colors except green.
  • Question 10: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
  • Question 11: Fresh water relative to animal cells is hypotonic.
  • Question 12: In osmosis, water moves from areas of higher solute concentration to lower solute concentration.
  • Question 13: Active transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient (e.g., from low to high concentration).

Section 3: Metabolism and Photosynthesis

  • Question 17: Rubisco is the enzyme responsible for carbon fixation during photosynthesis.
  • Question 18: The law of energy conservation is that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
  • Question 19: Changes in pH and temperature can affect enzyme affinity for its substrates.
  • Question 20: Electrons are transferred during redox reactions.
  • Question 21: Humans require oxygen for cellular respiration (aerobic respiration), a crucial metabolic process that releases energy from glucose.
  • Question 22: Plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, driving the reduction of carbon dioxide into glucose.

Section 4: Genetic Processes

  • Question 25: RNA transcription starts at the promoter site on a chromosome.
  • Question 26: mRNA vaccine technology has been under development for some time, starting decades beforehand.
  • Question 27: Exons are the retained parts of a transcript after splicing.
  • Question 28: Translation results in polypeptide chains.
  • Question 29: Transmissible genetic material means the genetic material can be passed from parent to offspring.
  • Question 30: Variation in genetic material within a population is important for adaptation and evolution.
  • Question 31: mRNA vaccines introduce mRNA into cells to synthesize target proteins against infection, triggering an immune response, distinct from traditional vaccines that introduce weakened antigens.

Section 5: Genetic Inheritance

  • Question 33: Phenotype are the traits that are expressed.
  • Question 34: Missense mutations change the amino acid sequence in a protein.
  • Question 35: Homologous chromosomes have the same gene sequences but can have different allele expressions.
  • Question 36: Heritable traits are those characteristics influenced by genotype factors.
  • Question 37: Possible consequences of checkpoint protein mutations could affect cell division control leading to uncontrolled cell growth (tumors).
  • Question 38: Recessive alleles are more likely to cause genetic diseases because they can mask expression, requiring two copies of the recessive gene to manifest an effect.
  • Question 39, 40: These questions require Punnett squares to predict potential blood type (question 39) and fur color outcomes (question 40) based on parental genotypes and inheritance patterns (in particular incomplete dominance).

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BIO 110: Final Exam F23 PDF

Description

Prepare for your BIO 110 final exam with this comprehensive review quiz. Covering essential principles of life and biomolecules, this quiz challenges your understanding of key concepts through multiple-choice and short-answer questions. Test your knowledge and ready yourself for the exam!

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