Branches of Biology

Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
Respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells
Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells
Protein synthesis: process by which cells create proteins from amino acids

Botany focuses on the study of plants and their structures, functions, and interactions.
Zoology is concerned with the study of animals, including their evolution, behavior, and physiology.
Microbiology explores the world of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Ecology examines the interactions between organisms and their environment, including the impact of environmental factors on ecosystems.
Evolutionary biology delves into the study of evolution and species diversity, including the processes that shape the diversity of life on Earth.
Molecular biology investigates the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Cellular biology examines the structure, function, and behavior of cells, the basic units of life.

Carbohydrates serve as energy storage molecules and structural components of cells, such as cellulose in plant cell walls.
Proteins perform a wide range of functions, including acting as enzymes, structural molecules, and transport molecules.
Lipids store energy and provide structural components for cells, such as the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, store genetic information and play a central role in the transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell, controlling the exchange of materials.
Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance inside the cell membrane, providing a medium for chemical reactions and cellular activities.
The nucleus contains the genetic material, DNA, which is organized into chromosomes.
Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration, producing ATP.
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and transport, modifying and packaging proteins for use in the cell.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, reading mRNA sequences to assemble amino acids into proteins.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances.

Photosynthesis occurs in specialized organelles called chloroplasts, converting light energy into chemical energy through the Calvin cycle.
Respiration generates energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose, producing ATP and water.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes.
Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Protein synthesis involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA, followed by the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.

Speciation occurs when a new species emerges, often as a result of geographic isolation or adaptation to a new environment.
Natural selection acts on the variation present in a population, favoring individuals with traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
Genetic drift is the random change in the frequency of a gene in a population, often resulting from chance events.
Gene flow occurs when individuals with different genetic traits move into a population, increasing genetic variation.
Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an individual, which can result in new traits or increased susceptibility to disease.

Producers, such as plants and algae, use energy from sunlight to synthesize organic compounds, forming the base of the food web.
Consumers, including herbivores and carnivores, obtain energy by consuming other organisms, transferring energy through the food web.
Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the environment.
Food chains illustrate the sequence of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level representing a trophic level.
Food webs depict the complex network of food chains in an ecosystem, highlighting the interconnectedness of species.