Biology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  • It carries the genetic code from DNA. (correct)
  • It degrades the mRNA after translation.
  • It forms part of the ribosome structure.
  • It assists in amino acid transport.

    • What proportion of DNA strands are light after 3 cycles of replication in the Meselson and Stahl experiment?

  • 25%
  • 75% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 100%

    • What is the outcome when a stop codon is encountered during translation?

  • The mRNA strand is transcribed again.
  • Translation halts, and the protein is released. (correct)
  • The translation process continues until all codons are read.
  • The ribosome immediately disassembles.

    • Which process removes introns and joins exons in RNA?

    <p>RNA splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a polysome?

    <p>A cluster of ribosomes translating the same mRNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

    <p>Humans don’t have the necessary enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond holds amino acids together in proteins?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA?

    <p>Make proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order do the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes pellet out during centrifugation?

    <p>Nucleus → mitochondria → ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Detoxification of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure occupies the greatest volume in plant cells?

    <p>Central vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a hypothesis in scientific research?

    <p>A specific and testable statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

    <p>Carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a robust critical point of view in science primarily reduce?

    <p>Errors and biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules cross the cell membrane the slowest?

    <p>Large polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes covalent bonds compared to ionic bonds?

    <p>Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons; ionic involve electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of comparing DNA similarities in evolutionary biology?

    <p>To link species through genetic data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological process occurs when cells become dehydrated?

    <p>Plasmolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cell with a negative ΔG indicate?

    <p>The reaction releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic weight (mass) of an atom represent?

    <p>The total count of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a catalyst?

    <p>Makes reactions faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an atom gains an electron, what effect does this have on its charge?

    <p>It becomes negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of a theory compared to a hypothesis?

    <p>A theory is broader and supported by evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do competitive inhibitors affect reactions?

    <p>Slow down the reaction rate by binding to the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glucose breakdown slow at room temperature?

    <p>Glucose and oxygen molecules lack sufficient activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is considered the strongest and hardest to break?

    <p>Non-polar covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ADP compared to ATP?

    <p>An energy-storing molecule needing charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each human gamete contain?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When crossing a homozygous dominant individual with a heterozygous individual, what percentage of offspring will be homozygous dominant?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a couple with two female children having a male child?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fraction of daughters will be color-blind if a color-blind father has children with a mother with normal vision?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the fur color be in the offspring from a cross between a black-furred female cat and an orange male?

    <p>Black males, tortoiseshell females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given a recombination frequency of 16% between two genes, what can be inferred about these genes?

    <p>The genes are close together on the same chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To determine if the yellow-bodied phenotype in fruit flies is X-linked, which method should be used?

    <p>Perform a reciprocal cross.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitosis during the process of cloning?

    <p>To replicate genetic material identically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the lysogenic cycle of a virus?

    <p>To allow viral DNA to integrate into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism would a researcher target to halt the translation of mumps proteins?

    <p>RNA translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some viruses like retroviruses integrate their RNA into the host's genome?

    <p>To hijack the host's replication mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reverse transcriptase play in retroviruses?

    <p>It converts RNA into DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccines help in preventing viral infections?

    <p>They introduce weakened or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates retroviruses from other types of viruses?

    <p>They reverse transcribe their RNA into DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Watson and Crick determine the structure of DNA?

    <p>By analyzing X-ray crystallography data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If adenine comprises 20% of the bases in a DNA molecule, what percentage of the bases would be cytosine?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology Basics (1-10)

    • Archaea, E. coli, and bacteria do not all contain a nucleus. Archaea and E. coli do, only bacteria do not.
    • DNA similarities help understand evolutionary connections.

    Biomolecules and Functional Groups (11-20)

    • Nucleotides make up bases in nucleic acids.
    • Amino acids are made of bases in amino acids.
    • Fatty acids are made of lipids in fatty acids.
    • Carbohydrates are made of sugars
    • Humans cannot digest cellulose because they do not have the necessary enzymes.
    • Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds in proteins.
    • The primary function of RNA is to make proteins.
    • During centrifugation, the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes pellet out in that order.
    • Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

    Acids, Bases, and Cell Membranes (21-30)

    • A decrease in pH means a more acidic solution.
    • Hydroxyl groups make molecules like ethanol.
    • Triglycerides are lipids.
    • DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
    • The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane is composed of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
    • Integral proteins are another name for transmembrane proteins
    • Small non-polar molecules cross cell membranes quickest.
    • Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons.

    Energy and Enzymes (31-40)

    • A negative ΔG value indicates a reaction will occur spontaneously.
    • Catalysts, such as enzymes, speed up reactions.
    • ADP is compared to ATP as an energy-storing molecule that needs charge.
    • Glucose breakdown is slow at room temperature due to the activation energy needed for the process to begin.
    • Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme to slow reaction rates.

    Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (41-50)

    • Photosynthesis produces byproducts used in cellular respiration
    • Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration.
    • Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of protons to generate ATP
    • Photosynthesis' light-independent reactions produce carbohydrates
    • Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration do not use the same reagents completely

    Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis (51-60)

    • Mitosis creates identical copies
    • Mitosis is used for growth and repair.
    • In cytokinesis, plant cells form a cell plate for cell division and animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
    • Sexual reproduction creates unique gametes (sex cells) and includes meiosis.
    • Chromosomes can be arranged in different combinations
    • During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, and in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate.

    DNA and Molecular Biology (71-80)

    • The percentage of thymine equals the percentage of adenine. The percentage of cytosine equals the percentage of guanine
    • DNA polymerase III elongates DNA strands during replication.
    • Codons are used to code for specific amino acids during protein synthesis.
    • Introns are non coding regions in RNA that removed by splicing.
    • The protein synthesis product of transcription is translation.

    Viruses and Molecular Genetics (81-90)

    • Viruses require host cells to replicate.
    • Viruses differ in their structure and genetic material.
    • Retroviruses integrate RNA into the host genome via reverse transcription

    DNA and RNA Processing (91-100)

    • DNA structure was deduced using X-ray crystallography.
    • Semiconservative means each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand.
    • DNA polymerase III is an enzyme responsible for elongating DNA strands during replication.
    • mRNA is transcribed from DNA, and it carries instructions to synthesize protein.
    • Splicing in RNA involves removing introns and joining exons.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of biology, including the characteristics of Archaea, bacteria, and E. coli. Additionally, explore key biomolecules, functional groups, and the significance of acids and bases in biological systems. This quiz covers topics ranging from nucleic acids to protein synthesis and cellular structures.

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