BIO 1010 Lab 4: Gymnosperms Gymnosperm Learning Objectives
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Questions and Answers

Describe the life cycle of Pinus sp. in relation to the alternation of generations.

The life cycle of Pinus sp. involves the alternation of generations where male and female cones produce gametes that fuse to form a seed.

What structures develop in Pinus sp. where spores, gametophytes, gametes, and embryos are formed?

Spores, gametophytes, gametes, and embryos develop in the male and female cones of Pinus sp.

Differentiate between a seed of Pinus sp. and a fern.

A seed of Pinus sp. is enclosed in a seed cone, while ferns do not produce seeds but reproduce via spores.

What are the structural and functional differences between ferns and gymnosperms?

<p>Ferns reproduce via spores and lack seeds, while gymnosperms like Pinus sp. produce seeds and have distinct male and female cones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the phylum to which conifers like Pines (Pinus) belong.

<p>Conifers like Pines (Pinus) belong to the phylum Coniferophyta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of male and female cones in the reproductive process of gymnosperms?

<p>Male cones produce pollen containing male gametes, while female cones house ovules that contain female gametes, leading to fertilization and seed formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their appropriate phylum:

<p>Pines (Pinus) = Phylum Coniferophyta Ginkgo biloba = Phylum Ginkgophyta Gnetum sp. = Phylum Gnetophyta Ephedra sp. = Phylum Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their corresponding function in gymnosperms:

<p>Seed Cone = Contains seeds Pollen Cone = Produces pollen grains Ovulate organ = Produces ovules Male strobili = Produces male gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Alternation of generations = Life cycle involving both haploid and diploid phases Fertilization = Union of male and female gametes Gametophytes = Haploid phase producing gametes Embryos = Develop from fertilized eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cones with their corresponding functions in Pinus sp.:

<p>Pollen Cone = Produces pollen for pollination Ovulate Cone = Receives pollen for fertilization Seed Cone = Contains mature seeds Male Cone = Produces male gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gymnosperms with their representative plants:

<p>Welwitschia sp. = Phylum Gnetophyta Ginkgo biloba = Phylum Ginkgophyta Pinus sp. = Phylum Coniferophyta Ephedra sp. = Phylum Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding plant parts:

<p>Male strobili = Male reproductive structure in gymnosperms Ovulate organ = Female reproductive structure in gymnosperms Fleshy Covered Seeds = Type of seed produced by Ginkgo biloba Pollen w/pollen tube = Structure involved in pollen transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pollen cone in Pinus sp.?

<p>To produce male gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla does the Ginkgo biloba plant belong to?

<p>Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between the ovulate cone and the pollen cone in Pinus sp.?

<p>The ovulate cone has scales that bear the ovules, while the pollen cone has scales that bear the pollen sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pollen tube in the reproductive process of Pinus sp.?

<p>It transports the male gametes to the female gametophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the seeds of Pinus sp. differ from the spores of ferns?

<p>Seeds of Pinus sp. contain an embryo, while fern spores do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by the presence of male and female cones on separate plants?

<p>Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pollen cone in Pinus sp.?

<p>To produce pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by the presence of male and female cones on separate plants?

<p>Phylum Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between the ovulate cone and the pollen cone in Pinus sp.?

<p>The ovulate cone has a central axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum does the Ginkgo biloba plant belong to?

<p>Phylum Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pollen tube in the reproductive process of Pinus sp.?

<p>It delivers the male gametes to the female gametophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures develop in Pinus sp. where spores, gametophytes, gametes, and embryos are formed?

<p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Heterosporous = Production of both megaspores and microspores Monoecious = Both spore types borne on the same plant Dioecious = Spore types borne on separate plants Sporophyte = Dominant generation in gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant phyla with their reproductive characteristics:

<p>Coniferophyta = Monoecious Cycadophyta = Dioecious Ginkgophyta = Dioecious Gnetophyta = Dioecious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaf types with their descriptions:

<p>Needle-like leaves = Present in gymnosperms Scale-like leaves = Found in gymnosperms Fanlike leaves = Also seen in gymnosperms Broad leaves = Not typical of gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following life cycle structures in Pinus sp. with their functions:

<p>Megaspores = Develop into megagametophytes Microspores = Grow into microgametophytes Gametophytes = Where gametes are produced Embryos = Develop from fertilized gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their plant part associations:

<p>Ovule = Encloses the female gametophyte Seed cone = Where megagametophytes develop Pollen cone = Site for microgametophyte growth Fertilized seed = Result of embryo development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive structures with their roles:

<p>Pollen tube = Assists in fertilization process Pollen cone function = Production and dispersal of male gametes Ovulate cone purpose = Site for female gamete development Male and female cones roles = Separate gamete production sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following prefixes with their corresponding meanings in gymnosperms:

<p>Micro- = Prefix for male structures Mega- = Prefix for female structures Gameto- = Prefix for reproductive structures Strobi- = Prefix for seed structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their functions in gymnosperms:

<p>Ovules = Specialized strobili producing gametophytes Pollen = Male gametophytes in plant life cycle Pollen tube = Structure aiding in reproductive process Seed cone = Structure containing female gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant parts with their functions in gymnosperms:

<p>Female cone = Also called ovulate cone Male cone = Also called pollen cone Megasporangia = Develops within female cone Microsporangium = Produces male spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phyla of gymnosperms with their representative plants:

<p>Cycadophyta = Cycads Ginkgophyta = Ginkgo biloba Gnetophyta = Gnetum species Coniferophyta = Pine trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions in gymnosperms:

<p>Megastrobilus = Exposes seeds Pollen tube = Facilitates pollen transfer Megagametophyte = Female gametophyte structure Microspore = Male reproductive structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in gymnosperms:

<p>Naked seed = Characteristic of gymnosperms Vascular tissue = Present in gymnosperms Alternation of generations = Life cycle feature of gymnosperms Pollen development = Major advance distinguishing gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaf types with the corresponding phylum they belong to:

<p>Needles in bundles = Coniferophyta Broad leaves = Cycadophyta Ginkgo biloba leaves = Ginkgophyta Ephedra leaves = Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Sporophylls = Specialized leaves in cones that bear sporangia and spores Resin duct = Structure found in pine needles for resin production Mesophyll = Internal leaf tissue where photosynthesis occurs Xylem = Tissue responsible for water transport in plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cone types with their characteristics:

<p>Fleshy cones = Contain modified sporophylls like fruits Woody cones = Made of specialized leaves for sporangia and spores Juniper cones = Blue cones that resemble fruits Pine cones = Cones with reduced branches for needle attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of a pine needle with their functions:

<p>Epidermis = Protective outer layer of the needle Phloem = Tissue responsible for food transport in plants Resin duct = Structure for resin secretion and defense Epidermal cells = Cells specialized for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct facts about pines:

<p>Needle retention period = Most pines retain needles for 3-4 years Branch length and needle attachment = Pine needles are borne at the end of reduced branches Bundle size variation = Pines can have bundles of 2-7 needles Longleaf pine needles = Longleaf pine has a specific number of needles in each bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their corresponding gymnosperm phyla:

<p>Multiple needle bundles = Coniferophyta Fleshy fruit-like cones = Cycadophyta Ginkgo biloba plant = Ginkgophyta Unique cone structures = Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their characteristics in Pinus sp.:

<p>Pollen cone = Green in early development Seed cone = Dries and turns brown before releasing pollen or seeds Mature seed cone = Released its seeds and larger than a first-year cone First-year cone = Produced in the spring and smaller than a mature seed cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of a pollen cone in Pinus sp.:

<p>Microsporangia = Borne on microsporophylls Microsporophyll = Contains multiple microsporangia Microgametophytes = Develop from microspores inside microsporangia Pollen grains = Mature form of microgametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their locations of gametophyte maturation:

<p>Pines (gymnosperms) = Gametophyte matures inside the sporangium Seedless plants = Gametophyte matures externally to sporangium Ferns = Gametophyte matures on the underside of the frond Angiosperms = Gametophyte matures within the ovule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their descriptions in Pinus sp.:

<p>Pollen cones = Contain microsporangia on microsporophylls Seed cones = Release seeds and are larger when mature Microsporangia = Produce microgametophytes (pollen grains) Microgametophytes = Develop from microspores inside microsporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their functions in Pinus sp.:

<p>Microsporangia = Produce microgametophytes for reproduction Microgametophytes = Develop into pollen grains for pollination Mature seed cone = Contains fully developed seeds for dispersal First-year cone = Initial stage cone produced in the spring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions in gymnosperms like Pinus sp.:

<p>Sporangium = Protects and produces spores for reproduction Sporophylls = Specialized leaves that bear sporangia or seeds Microsporangia = Contain microspores that develop into pollen grains Microgametophytes = Male gametophytes that fertilize female gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of a pollen cone with their corresponding structures:

<p>Microsporophyll = Supporting structure for microsporangium Microsporangium = Structure that produces microspores Pollen grain = Male gametophyte of gymnosperms Pollen tube = Structure that delivers sperm cells to the ovule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following divisions with the cells they give rise to in pine reproduction:

<p>Cell division giving rise to microspores = Meiosis Cell division giving rise to microgametophytes = Mitosis Cell division giving rise to sperm cells = Mitosis Cell division giving rise to pollen tube = Growth division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of a pine pollen grain with their functions:

<p>Tube cell = Forms pollen tube Generative cell = Divides to produce sperm cells Prothallial cells = Supportive cells in pollen grain Air sacs = Aid in dispersal of pollen grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages in pine reproduction with their descriptions:

<p>Pollen landing on ovule = Initiates pollen tube formation Pollen tube formation = Facilitates sperm cell delivery Generative cell division = Produces two sperm cells Sperm cell production via mitosis = Ensures fertilization potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature that distinguishes gymnosperms from flowering plants?

<p>Naked seed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pollen in gymnosperms?

<p>It represents the male gametophytes in the plant life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the prefixes used to denote male and female structures in gymnosperms?

<p>Micro- for male structures and Mega- for female structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the specialized strobili in which the sporangia and gametophytes are produced called?

<p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the female cones that contain female gametophytes?

<p>Megasporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the seed in gymnosperms?

<p>It is a reproductive structure that contains a young sporophyte in the embryo stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a sporophyte bearing both megaspores and microspores on the same plant?

<p>monoecious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phyla are characterized by being dioecious, with spore types borne on separate plants?

<p>Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, most Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant generation in gymnosperms?

<p>sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major types of leaves found in gymnosperms?

<p>needle-like, scale-like, fanlike</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a sporophyte bearing both megaspores and microspores on the same plant?

<p>monoecious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phyla are characterized by being dioecious, with spore types borne on separate plants?

<p>Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, most Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many needles are typically in a bundle of needles for most pine species?

<p>2-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of resin produced by conifers?

<p>To protect against herbivores and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the specialized leaves that make up the cones of gymnosperms called?

<p>Sporophylls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you differentiate between fleshy cones and fruits?

<p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is needed to produce a fruit?

<p>Ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many years do most pine species retain their needles before replacement?

<p>3-4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color are the pine cones when the pollen and seeds are released?

<p>Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

On which parts of the tree are pine cones commonly seen?

<p>Ground or on the branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much larger is a mature seed cone compared to a first-year cone?

<p>Mature seed cone is much larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many microsporangia are present on each microsporophyll inside a pollen cone?

<p>Many</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the gametophyte mature in pines and other gymnosperms?

<p>Inside the sporangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the pine cones change in color as they mature?

<p>Dried and turned brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division gave rise to microspores?

<p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is the pine pollen?

<p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the air sacs of the pollen grain play in the life cycle of the pine?

<p>The air sacs aid in dispersal of the pollen grain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells are produced by the generative cell of the pollen grain?

<p>Two sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell structure forms the pollen tube in the reproductive process of Pinus sp.?

<p>Tube cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive shape of immature pine pollen grains?

<p>They resemble a Mickey Mouse hat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pollen cone in Pinus sp.?

<p>To produce microspores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by the presence of male and female cones on separate plants?

<p>Cycadophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the gametophyte mature in pines and other gymnosperms?

<p>Inside the ovule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between the ovulate cone and the pollen cone in Pinus sp.?

<p>The ovulate cone contains female gametophytes, while the pollen cone contains male gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pollen tube in the reproductive process of Pinus sp.?

<p>To transport the male gametes to the female gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature that distinguishes gymnosperms from flowering plants?

<p>Gymnosperms have naked seeds, while flowering plants have enclosed seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division gave rise to the microspores in the pollen cone?

<p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is the pine pollen on display?

<p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the air sacs of the pine pollen grain play in the life cycle?

<p>They help the pollen grain float in the wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cells make up an immature pine pollen grain?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the tube cell of the pollen grain form after the pollen lands on the ovule?

<p>The pollen tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the gametophyte mature in pines and other gymnosperms?

<p>Inside the pollen grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature that distinguishes gymnosperms from flowering plants (angiosperms)?

<p>Gymnosperms have exposed seeds on their megastrobili</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'micro-' and 'mega-' prefixes used to describe structures in gymnosperms?

<p>To denote male and female structures, respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the female cones in the reproductive process of gymnosperms?

<p>They produce the seeds that contain the young sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gymnosperm phylum is represented by the Ginkgo biloba plant?

<p>Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a gymnosperm plant that bears both male and female cones on the same individual?

<p>Monoecious</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pollen in the reproductive process of gymnosperms?

<p>It represents the male gametophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of mature pollen and seed cones of Pinus sp.?

<p>Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are microsporangia found inside the pollen cones of Pinus sp.?

<p>Inside the microsporophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the gametophyte mature in pines and other gymnosperms?

<p>Inside the sporangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main site where microspores develop into microgametophytes in pines like Pinus sp.?

<p>Sporangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of pollen grains in pines?

<p>Star shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of Pinus sp. are swollen areas called microsporangia found?

<p>Microsporophylls</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many needles are typically found in each bundle of Pinus sp. needles?

<p>3-5 needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many needles are in the Longleaf pine bundle?

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of resin production in conifers like Pinus sp.?

<p>To protect against herbivores and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is needed to produce a fruit, rather than a fleshy cone?

<p>Flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum do Ginkgo biloba plants belong to?

<p>Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

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