Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following does not support the endosymbiotic theory?
Which of the following does not support the endosymbiotic theory?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by bacteria and archaea?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by bacteria and archaea?
Why do enzymes released from the lysosome become inactive in the cytosol?
Why do enzymes released from the lysosome become inactive in the cytosol?
Cytosolic pH is near-neutral, and the enzymes require a low pH to function.
What are some parts of the endomembrane system?
What are some parts of the endomembrane system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general pathway for a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by the cell?
What is the general pathway for a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
How were some antibiotics made to target microbes and not the eukaryotic host?
How were some antibiotics made to target microbes and not the eukaryotic host?
Signup and view all the answers
NAD+ is the _____ form of NADH while NADH is the _____ form of NAD+.
NAD+ is the _____ form of NADH while NADH is the _____ form of NAD+.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the source of energy during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
What is the source of energy during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the substrate for the first step in glycolysis?
What is the substrate for the first step in glycolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
In the generic redox reaction: A + B --> C + D, what occurs?
In the generic redox reaction: A + B --> C + D, what occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
During respiration, what happens as electrons are passed through the electron transport chain?
During respiration, what happens as electrons are passed through the electron transport chain?
Signup and view all the answers
In a eukaryotic cell, where does electron transport take place?
In a eukaryotic cell, where does electron transport take place?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the endosymbiotic theory in a nutshell?
What is the endosymbiotic theory in a nutshell?
Signup and view all the answers
What are peroxisomes?
What are peroxisomes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the 'skeleton' of the cell?
What is the 'skeleton' of the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the thickest component of the cytoskeleton?
What is the thickest component of the cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton?
What is the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the arrangement of microtubules?
What is the arrangement of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What are plasmodesmata?
What are plasmodesmata?
Signup and view all the answers
What are tight junctions?
What are tight junctions?
Signup and view all the answers
The main electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, and bacteria is the ___ pump, which transports hydrogen ions out of the cell. The pumping of hydrogen ions transfers a ____ charge from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid.
The main electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, and bacteria is the ___ pump, which transports hydrogen ions out of the cell. The pumping of hydrogen ions transfers a ____ charge from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid.
Signup and view all the answers
On the basis of energy requirement, which does not belong to this group?
On the basis of energy requirement, which does not belong to this group?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following does not exemplify exocytosis?
Which of the following does not exemplify exocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is false?
Which of the following statements is false?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an example of facilitated diffusion?
Which of the following is NOT an example of facilitated diffusion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which does not describe a biological membrane?
Which does not describe a biological membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Endosymbiotic Theory
- Chloroplasts and mitochondria share features supporting the endosymbiotic theory, such as possessing their own DNA and being double membrane-bound.
- The incorrect assertion that chloroplasts and mitochondria have the same sizes does not support the theory.
Bacteria and Archaea
- Shared characteristics include the presence of a plasma membrane and absence of a nuclear membrane.
- Bacteria and archaea differ in cell wall composition, with a unique composition distinguishing them.
Enzyme Activity and Lysosomes
- Enzymes released from lysosomes become inactive in the cytosol due to the near-neutral pH, which is not optimal for their function requiring a low pH.
Endomembrane System Components
- Key components include the Golgi apparatus, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and nuclear membrane.
Protein Secretion Pathway
- Newly synthesized proteins are directed from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, followed by vesicular transport to the plasma membrane.
Antibiotics and Ribosomal Differences
- Antibiotics target prokaryotic ribosomal subunits that differ from eukaryotic ribosomal structures, allowing for selective inhibition of peptide formation.
NAD+ and NADH
- NAD+ is the oxidized form, while NADH is the reduced form of NAD+.
Glycolysis Energy Requirements
- The energy investment phase of glycolysis relies on ATP as the source of energy.
Glycolysis Substrate
- Glucose serves as the substrate during the initial step of glycolysis.
Redox Reactions
- In a redox reaction, one substrate gains an electron while another loses an electron.
Electron Transport Chain Function
- Energy released during electron transport is used to pump H+ ions across a membrane, creating a proton gradient.
Electron Transport Location
- In eukaryotic cells, electron transport occurs within the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Overview of Endosymbiotic Theory
- Endosymbiotic theory posits that a nonphotosynthetic cell engulfed photosynthetic cells along with mitochondria, suggesting a symbiotic relationship.
Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic compartments with a single membrane, involved in hydrogen peroxide production and its conversion to water, with relationships to other organelles largely unexplored.
Cytoskeleton Functions
- The cytoskeleton offers structural shape, facilitates movement, anchors organelles, and serves as tracks for vesicular transport.
Cytoskeleton Components
- Microtubules are the thickest component, while microfilaments, also known as actin, are the thinnest component.
- Microtubules are arranged in a structure of 9 doublets surrounding 2 singlets.
Cellular Junctions
- Plasmodesmata are channels connecting cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells.
- Tight junctions involve membranes pressed together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid.
Electrogenic Pump in Cells
- The proton pump is the main electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, and bacteria, transporting hydrogen ions out of the cell, creating a positive charge in the extracellular fluid.
Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport is distinct from passive transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis based on energy requirements.
Exocytosis Examples
- Exocytosis refers to the delivery of proteins and carbohydrates from Golgi vesicles to the outside of cells, including neurotransmitter release by nerve cells and insulin secretion by pancreatic cells.
Membrane Protein Distribution
- Membrane proteins and lipids are not symmetrically distributed; this contradicts the notion of equal distribution within the membrane structure.
Facilitated Diffusion Examples
- Facilitated diffusion includes processes like ion channels and water channel proteins, whereas the electrogenic pump does not exemplify this process.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Prepare for your biology exam with this set of flashcards focused on key concepts related to the endosymbiotic theory, as well as characteristics shared by bacteria and archaea. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of these fundamental biological principles.