Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common cell and tissue type among ground tissues?
What is the most common cell and tissue type among ground tissues?
Parenchyma cells
What is the main function of parenchyma cells?
What is the main function of parenchyma cells?
Multipurpose - Photosynthetic, Storage, Secretory
What type of tissue contains extensive air spaces, usually found in aquatic plants?
What type of tissue contains extensive air spaces, usually found in aquatic plants?
Aerenchyma
In what type of plant tissue do transfer cells develop irregular extensions of the inner wall?
In what type of plant tissue do transfer cells develop irregular extensions of the inner wall?
Which type of simple tissue provides flexible support, especially in herbaceous plants?
Which type of simple tissue provides flexible support, especially in herbaceous plants?
What is the main function of sclerenchyma cells?
What is the main function of sclerenchyma cells?
Where does the vascular cambium arise?
Where does the vascular cambium arise?
What is the function of rays in vascular tissue?
What is the function of rays in vascular tissue?
What is the primary function of the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the epidermis?
What is the role of cutin in the epidermis?
What is the role of cutin in the epidermis?
What is the function of root hairs on epidermal cells?
What is the function of root hairs on epidermal cells?
What is the role of lenticels in the periderm?
What is the role of lenticels in the periderm?
What is the function of the root cap?
What is the function of the root cap?
What are the three meristematic areas found in the region of cell division in the root?
What are the three meristematic areas found in the region of cell division in the root?
What are the two main lateral meristems found in plant roots and stems?
What are the two main lateral meristems found in plant roots and stems?
What is the primary function of the vascular cambium?
What is the primary function of the vascular cambium?
What type of meristem do grasses and related plants have instead of vascular and cork cambium?
What type of meristem do grasses and related plants have instead of vascular and cork cambium?
What is the function of the cork cambium?
What is the function of the cork cambium?
What are the major groups of organs in plants?
What are the major groups of organs in plants?
What are meristematic tissues and what is their function?
What are meristematic tissues and what is their function?
Where are Apical Meristems (AM) located?
Where are Apical Meristems (AM) located?
What are the two main types of vascular tissues in plants?
What are the two main types of vascular tissues in plants?
What do primary meristems develop from?
What do primary meristems develop from?
What are the functions of Ground Tissue in plants?
What are the functions of Ground Tissue in plants?
What is the primary function of xylem tissue?
What is the primary function of xylem tissue?
What is the role of Vascular Tissue in plants?
What is the role of Vascular Tissue in plants?
What are the components of xylem tissue?
What are the components of xylem tissue?
What are the characteristics of vessel elements in xylem?
What are the characteristics of vessel elements in xylem?
What is the primary function of phloem tissue?
What is the primary function of phloem tissue?
What are the key features of sieve tube members in phloem tissue?
What are the key features of sieve tube members in phloem tissue?
The ______ covers each root tip and protects tissues from damage as the root grows.
The ______ covers each root tip and protects tissues from damage as the root grows.
The region of cell division in the root is composed of the ______ meristem at the center of the root tip.
The region of cell division in the root is composed of the ______ meristem at the center of the root tip.
The ______ cambium produces secondary vascular tissues that function in support and conduction.
The ______ cambium produces secondary vascular tissues that function in support and conduction.
Grasses and related plants do not have vascular cambium or cork cambium, but instead have ______ meristems.
Grasses and related plants do not have vascular cambium or cork cambium, but instead have ______ meristems.
The ______ meristem gives rise to the epidermis in the region of cell division.
The ______ meristem gives rise to the epidermis in the region of cell division.
The ______ cambium produces the bark of stems and roots.
The ______ cambium produces the bark of stems and roots.
Parenchyma cells are the most common cell and ______ type.
Parenchyma cells are the most common cell and ______ type.
Collenchyma cells have unevenly thick primary cell walls and provide ______ support.
Collenchyma cells have unevenly thick primary cell walls and provide ______ support.
Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls impregnated with ______.
Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls impregnated with ______.
Sclereids are sclerenchyma cells that are as long as ______.
Sclereids are sclerenchyma cells that are as long as ______.
Fibers are sclerenchyma cells that are much longer than ______ and contain a lumen.
Fibers are sclerenchyma cells that are much longer than ______ and contain a lumen.
Complex tissues are composed of two or more kinds of ______.
Complex tissues are composed of two or more kinds of ______.
Xylem is the conducting tissue for ______ and minerals absorbed by the roots
Xylem is the conducting tissue for ______ and minerals absorbed by the roots
Vessels in xylem are long tubes made of vessel elements with thick secondary cell walls and are open at both ______
Vessels in xylem are long tubes made of vessel elements with thick secondary cell walls and are open at both ______
Tracheids in xylem have tapered ends and pairs of ______ that allow water to pass from cell to cell
Tracheids in xylem have tapered ends and pairs of ______ that allow water to pass from cell to cell
Phloem conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant and is composed of sieve tube members and ______ cells
Phloem conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant and is composed of sieve tube members and ______ cells
Sieve Tube Members in phloem lack secondary cell walls and nuclei, and their walls have sieve plates with small ______
Sieve Tube Members in phloem lack secondary cell walls and nuclei, and their walls have sieve plates with small ______
Herbaceous dicots have discrete vascular bundles arranged in a ______
Herbaceous dicots have discrete vascular bundles arranged in a ______
Plants have three or four major groups of organs: – Roots, Stems, Leaves, ______, Flowers
Plants have three or four major groups of organs: – Roots, Stems, Leaves, ______, Flowers
What is the primary function of meristematic tissues?
What is the primary function of meristematic tissues?
Which tissue system is responsible for the transport of water and minerals in plants?
Which tissue system is responsible for the transport of water and minerals in plants?
What is the primary function of the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the root cap?
What is the primary function of the root cap?
Which tissue system is primarily responsible for photosynthesis and food storage in plants?
Which tissue system is primarily responsible for photosynthesis and food storage in plants?
Which type of meristem gives rise to the primary xylem and primary phloem?
Which type of meristem gives rise to the primary xylem and primary phloem?
What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells?
What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells?
What do Grasses and related plants lack compared to other plants?
What do Grasses and related plants lack compared to other plants?
Which tissue system gives rise to the epidermis in the region of cell division?
Which tissue system gives rise to the epidermis in the region of cell division?
What is the main function of Cork Cambium in plant stems and roots?
What is the main function of Cork Cambium in plant stems and roots?
What is the primary function of the Vascular Cambium in plants?
What is the primary function of the Vascular Cambium in plants?
What is a key characteristic of parenchyma cells?
What is a key characteristic of parenchyma cells?
Which type of plant tissue contains sclereids, also known as stone cells?
Which type of plant tissue contains sclereids, also known as stone cells?
What is the primary function of collenchyma cells in plants?
What is the primary function of collenchyma cells in plants?
Which simple tissue type develops irregular extensions of the inner wall to increase surface area?
Which simple tissue type develops irregular extensions of the inner wall to increase surface area?
What differentiates sclerenchyma cells from parenchyma cells?
What differentiates sclerenchyma cells from parenchyma cells?
Which type of cell in sclerenchyma tissues is scattered and as long as it is wide?
Which type of cell in sclerenchyma tissues is scattered and as long as it is wide?
What is the primary function of the vascular cambium?
What is the primary function of the vascular cambium?
What is the primary function of lenticels in the periderm?
What is the primary function of lenticels in the periderm?
What is the primary function of cutin in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of cutin in the epidermis?
What is the function of rays in vascular tissue?
What is the function of rays in vascular tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a function of secretory cells in the epidermis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of secretory cells in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of root hairs on epidermal cells?
What is the primary function of root hairs on epidermal cells?
What is the primary function of xylem tissue?
What is the primary function of xylem tissue?
What are vessel elements in xylem characterized by?
What are vessel elements in xylem characterized by?
What is the function of sieve tube members in phloem tissue?
What is the function of sieve tube members in phloem tissue?
What is the main difference between tracheids and vessels in xylem tissue?
What is the main difference between tracheids and vessels in xylem tissue?
What is the composition of xylem tissue?
What is the composition of xylem tissue?
What is the characteristic feature of sieve plates in phloem tissue?
What is the characteristic feature of sieve plates in phloem tissue?
What is the function of the root cap?
What is the function of the root cap?
Which meristematic area in the region of cell division gives rise to the epidermis?
Which meristematic area in the region of cell division gives rise to the epidermis?
What type of meristems do grasses and related plants have instead of vascular and cork cambium?
What type of meristems do grasses and related plants have instead of vascular and cork cambium?
Which of the following is a function of the vascular cambium?
Which of the following is a function of the vascular cambium?
What is the primary function of the cork cambium?
What is the primary function of the cork cambium?
Which tissue system is responsible for photosynthesis and food storage in plants?
Which tissue system is responsible for photosynthesis and food storage in plants?
What is the primary function of parenchyma cells?
What is the primary function of parenchyma cells?
Which type of simple tissue provides flexible support, especially in herbaceous plants?
Which type of simple tissue provides flexible support, especially in herbaceous plants?
What is the main function of sclerenchyma cells in plants?
What is the main function of sclerenchyma cells in plants?
Which type of simple tissue contains chloroplasts and is involved in photosynthesis?
Which type of simple tissue contains chloroplasts and is involved in photosynthesis?
What distinguishes sclereids from fibers in sclerenchyma tissue?
What distinguishes sclereids from fibers in sclerenchyma tissue?
Where would you expect to find collenchyma cells most abundantly in a plant?
Where would you expect to find collenchyma cells most abundantly in a plant?
What is the primary function of Meristematic Tissues in plants?
What is the primary function of Meristematic Tissues in plants?
Which tissue system is responsible for the transport of food in plants?
Which tissue system is responsible for the transport of food in plants?
What is the main difference between Primary Meristems and Basic Plant Tissues?
What is the main difference between Primary Meristems and Basic Plant Tissues?
Which plant tissue is responsible for regeneration and providing support and structure?
Which plant tissue is responsible for regeneration and providing support and structure?
What differentiates Vascular Tissue from Ground Tissue in plants?
What differentiates Vascular Tissue from Ground Tissue in plants?
Which region of the plant contains Apical Meristems that produce new cells for primary growth?
Which region of the plant contains Apical Meristems that produce new cells for primary growth?
What are the main components of xylem tissue?
What are the main components of xylem tissue?
What is the primary function of vessels in xylem tissue?
What is the primary function of vessels in xylem tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of vessel elements in xylem tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of vessel elements in xylem tissue?
Where does the vascular cambium arise?
Where does the vascular cambium arise?
What is the primary function of the vascular cambium?
What is the primary function of the vascular cambium?
What is the primary function of phloem tissue?
What is the primary function of phloem tissue?
Which of the following is a component of phloem tissue?
Which of the following is a component of phloem tissue?
What is the main function of rays in vascular tissue?
What is the main function of rays in vascular tissue?
What is a key feature of sieve tube members in phloem tissue?
What is a key feature of sieve tube members in phloem tissue?
What is the role of cutin in the plant epidermis?
What is the role of cutin in the plant epidermis?
What is the primary function of root hairs on epidermal cells?
What is the primary function of root hairs on epidermal cells?
What is the main function of cork cambium in plant stems and roots?
What is the main function of cork cambium in plant stems and roots?
Study Notes
Apical Meristems
- Apical meristems are permanent regions of growth, characterized by active cell division and "stem cells"
- Located at the tips of roots and shoots
- Responsible for increasing the length of roots and shoots through the production of new cells (1° growth)
Primary Meristems
- Develop from apical meristems
- Produce primary tissues
- Composed of:
- Protoderm (gives rise to epidermis)
- Ground meristem (gives rise to cortex and pith)
- Procambium (gives rise to primary xylem and primary phloem)
Tissue Systems
- Plant cells → Tissues → Organs
- 4 regions:
- Epidermis (dermal tissue)
- Ground tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)
- Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
- Periderm (outer bark)
Ground Tissues
- Parenchyma cells:
- Most common cell type
- Thin, pliable walls
- Living cytoplasm with large vacuoles and secretions
- Multipurpose (photosynthesis, storage, secretion)
- Can differentiate into other cell types
- Collenchyma cells:
- Long-lived with living cytoplasm
- Often elongated with unevenly thick cell walls
- Provide flexible support in herbaceous plants
- Sclerenchyma cells:
- Thick, tough, secondary walls
- Dead at maturity, function in support
- Two types: sclereids (stone cells) and fibers
Vascular Tissues
- Xylem:
- Conducting tissue for water and minerals
- Composed of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells
- Vessels: long tubes made of vessel elements with thick secondary cell walls
- Tracheids: tapered ends with pairs of pits for water conduction
- Phloem:
- Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis
- Composed of sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma cells
- Sieve tube members: lack secondary cell walls and nuclei, lay end-to-end to form sieve tubes
Lateral Meristems
- Produce 2° tissues that increase the girth of roots and stems (2° growth)
- Composed of vascular cambium and cork cambium
- Vascular cambium: produces 2° vascular tissues that function in support and conduction
- Cork cambium: produces bark
Intercalary Meristems
- Found in grasses and related plants
- Do not have vascular cambium or cork cambium### Vascular Tissues
- Vascular tissues include xylem and phloem
- Xylem: conducts water and minerals absorbed by roots
- Composed of: parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids, ray cells
- Phloem: conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant
- Composed of: sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma cells, ray cells
Xylem
- Vessels: long tubes made of vessel elements
- Vessel elements: thick secondary cell walls, open at both ends, secondary walls develop irregularly, perforation plate between end walls
- Spiral thickenings on vessel walls
- Tracheids: tapered ends, pairs of pits that allow water to pass from cell to cell
- Dead at maturity, thick secondary cell walls, may have spiral thickenings on cell walls
Phloem
- Sieve Tube Members: lack secondary cell walls and nuclei, lay end to end to form sieve tubes
- Walls have sieve plates with small pores, callose forms callus plug to prevent leaking of sieve tube contents when cell is injured
- Companion cells: aid in conduction of food
Tissue Patterns in Stems
- Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems: discrete vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder
- Woody Dicotyledonous Stems: complex tissue patterns
Meristematic Tissues
- Apical Meristems: permanent regions of growth, active cell division, "stem cells"
- Located at tips of roots and shoots, increase in length as apical meristems produce new cells (1° growth)
- Primary Meristems: develop from apical meristems
- Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
Ground Tissues
- Parenchyma: simple tissue, most common cell and tissue type
- Thin, pliable walls, living cytoplasm, often containing large vacuoles and various secretions
- May remain alive a long time, multipurpose: photosynthetic, storage, secretory
- Collenchyma: simple tissue, long-lived, with living cytoplasm
- Often elongated, 1° cell walls unevenly thick, pliable and strong, providing flexible support
- Sclerenchyma: simple tissue, thick, tough, secondary walls
- Impregnated with lignin, dead at maturity, function in support
- Two types: sclereids and fibers
Epidermis
- Protective layer that is one cell-layer thick, covering all plant organs
- Composed mostly of parenchyma cells, guard cells of stomata, secretory glands and hairs
- Cutin: fatty substance on the surface of outer walls of epidermis, forms waxy cuticle
- Wax secreted on cuticle prevents water loss by evaporation, provides bacterial/fungal resistance
- Root epidermal cells produce root hairs, increase absorptive area of root surface
- Leaves have stomata bordered by pairs of guard cells
- Trichomes: hair-like structures, may function individually or as part of a secretory tissue
- Secretory cells: may function individually or as part of a secretory tissue
- Flower nectar, citrus oils, glandular hair mucilage, latex, resins
Periderm
- Replaces epidermis when cork cambium begins producing new tissue
- Constitutes outer bark, primarily composed of: cork cells (phellem), cork cambium (phellogen), cork parenchyma (phelloderm)
- Lenticels: loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells, form by cork cambium, protrude through the surface of periderm
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the concept of organs and tissues in plants, including roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Learn about the composition of organs, which consist of various tissues made up of cells with similar functions. Dive into the topic of Meristematic Tissues and Apical Meristems.
