exam 2 review

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Questions and Answers

Which spinal nerve contributes to the innervation of the Longissimus Lumborum?

C1 Spinal Nerve

T2 Spinal Nerve

T1 Spinal Nerve

L3 Spinal Nerve (correct)

What is the role of the Iliocostalis during unilateral contraction?

It causes rotation of the spine (correct)

It primarily causes flexion of the spine

It supports the head

It stabilizes the scapula

Which of the following muscles gets shorter with poor posture like kyphosis?

Splenius Cervicis (correct)

Latissimus Dorsi

Rhomboids

Pectoralis Major

Where does the Semispinalis Capitis muscle run down to?

T3 vertebra Signup and view all the answers

What is a landmark for the location of the spine of the scapula?

T3 Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are included in the internal rotators of the shoulder?

Subscapularis and Teres Minor Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature allows for the passage of the Vertebral Artery in cervical vertebrae?

Transverse Foramina Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the Sub Occipital Triangle?

Semispinalis Capitis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the torque contribution to spinal rotation as the distance from the spine increases?

Torque contribution decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause elderly people to lose their balance when looking up?

Deterioration of vertebrae affecting blood flow to the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily involved in the first 30 degrees of shoulder abduction?

Supraspinatus Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament helps to limit the separation of the clavicle in the shoulder?

Conoid ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament fuses with the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Anterior longitudinal ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Limits extension of the spine Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical alignment of the inferior border of the scapula?

Aligns with T7 vertebra Signup and view all the answers

How does vertebral motion differ during flexion?

Laminae come apart from each other Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vestibulospinal tract play in the body?

Regulates balance and posture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the contribution of the brachial plexus to the radial nerve innervation?

It travels from the roots through terminal branches. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the quadratus lumborum?

Provides support for the lumbar spine and stabilizes the pelvis Signup and view all the answers

During flexion of the cervical spine, what movement occurs between the occiput and C1?

Anterior roll and posterior glide of the occiput Signup and view all the answers

During shoulder flexion or abduction above 90 degrees, what motion occurs at the glenohumeral joint?

Posterior roll Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebellum in relation to movement?

Coordinates muscle activity for smooth motion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the biomechanical condition with the least intradiscal pressure?

Lying flat on the back Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle contributes significantly to spinal stability?

Erector spinae Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Spinal Nerves

Posterior rami of spinal nerves innervate deep back muscles, such as erector spinae.
The Longissimus Lumborum is innervated by the T1 Spinal Nerve.

Back Musculature

Splenius Capitis spans from the head down to approximately T3.
Semispinalis Capitis spans from the head down to T7.
Iliocostalis is the most lateral muscle of the erector spinae group and is most likely to cause rotation.
Unilateral contraction of Iliocostalis causes rotation.
The spine of the scapula is a landmark for T3.
The Semispinalis Capitis runs down to the inferior border of the scapula (T7).

Posture

Kyphosis is characterized by a forward head posture and a rounded upper back.
With poor posture like kyphosis, consider:
- Torque on the spine
- Muscles that are elongated or shortened
  - Latissimus dorsi - elongated
  - Rhomboids - elongated
  - Splenius cervicis - shortened
  - Suboccipital triangle muscles - shortened
  - Pectoralis major - shortened
  - Internal rotators of the shoulder - shortened
  - Rotator cuff muscles:
    - Internal rotators:
      - Subscapularis
      - Infraspinatus
    - External rotators:
      - Teres minor

Cervical Spine Anatomy

Cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina for the vertebral arteries.
Suboccipital triangle muscles are the deepest cervical spine muscles.
The suboccipital triangle contains the suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery.
Deterioration of cervical vertebrae can affect blood flow to the brain and lead to balance issues.
The vertebral artery arises from the subclavian artery.

Cervical Spine Ligaments

Supraspinous ligament fuses with the Ligamentum nuchae at T1.
Intertransverse ligaments, located on the sides of the spine, limit ipsilateral lateral flexion (unless a direction is given).
Intertransverse ligaments limit contralateral lateral flexion if a direction is given.
Interspinous ligaments limit extension.
Posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion
Anterior longitudinal ligament limits extension.

Arthrokinematics of the Spine

During flexion, vertebrae move closer anteriorly.
During flexion, the lamina will move apart in relation to each other.
A shortened ligament indicates structures moving closer.
A stretched ligament indicates structures moving apart.

Quadartis Lumborum and Psoas Major

Quadratus lumborum connects the pelvis, lumbar spine and lower ribs.
Quadratus lumborum helps with hip hiking.
Psoas major connects to the lumbar spine (bodies of L1-L5 and transverse processes)
Psoas major can affect lumbar spine mobility and lead to back pain.

Back Muscles

Erector spinae muscles help with spinal stability and mobility.
Multifidi contribute to back stability.
Rotatores are involved in spinal stability, but have a smaller lever arm than Iliocostalis.
Rhomboids contribute to back stability.

Brachial Plexus

Brachial plexus roots (ventral rami) innervate the terminal branches.
The radial nerve innervates the triceps brachii.
The triceps brachii is innervated by the radial nerve.

Shoulder

The Supraspinatus muscle is involved in the first 30 degrees of abduction.
The subacromial space contains the supraspinatus, biceps long head tendon and bursa.
The subacromial space is a potential area for impingement.

Axillary Artery

The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery after it passes the first rib.
The second part of the axillary artery is completely covered by the pectoralis minor muscle.
The axillary artery becomes the brachial artery at the inferior border of the teres major muscle.

Shoulder Biomechanics

The proximal clavicle is convex on concavity vertically, and concave on convexity horizontally.
Shoulder flexion or abduction above 90 degrees involves a posterior roll of the humerus.
The coracoid process is the attachment point of the conoid, trapezoid and another ligament that limits clavicle separation.
These ligaments contribute to rotation as they connect to the scapula.
GH joint ligaments contribute to force couples.

Cerebellar Stroke

A cerebellar stroke can lead to poor coordination due to loss of vestibular function and a high risk of falling.

Vestibulospinal Tract

The Vestibulospinal tract affects balance (lateral).

Reflexes

Understand the upper and lower motor unit contributions to reflexes and the underlying reflex mechanisms.

Movement Control

Understand how the brain and cerebellum work together to control movement.

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