Written Exam 2 Themes by Sarmiento PDF

Written exam Themes - Dr. Sarmiento 50 questions practical will be between 35 - 50 questions 1. The back in general a. Spinal nerves i. Posterior (DORSAL) Rami for deep muscles ( erector spinae)...

Written exam Themes - Dr. Sarmiento 50 questions practical will be between 35 - 50 questions 1. The back in general a. Spinal nerves i. Posterior (DORSAL) Rami for deep muscles ( erector spinae) ii. Example: What is the innervation contribution to the Longissimus Lumborum a. T1 Spinal Nerve b. T2 Spinal Nerve c. L3 Spinal Nerve d. C1 Spinal Nerve * DONT NEED TO KNOW ATTACHMENTS OF LONGISSIMUS AND ILIOCOSTALIS * Only need generality Iliocostalis starts at superior ilium Spinalis is most medial Etc… 1. Splenius Capitus goes from the head down to approximately T3 a. know the spinal contribution 2. Semispinalis Capitis goes down a little longer than Splenius capitis a. Know the span of the muscles 3. The spine acts as an axis of rotation. a. Iliocostalis is most likely to cause rotation (unilateral contraction causes rotation) 4. Spine of scapula is a landmark to T3 5. Semispinalis capitis runs down to the inferior border of the scapula (T7) 6. Think about posture. a. Kyphosis i. cervical spine shape with mandibular protrusion ii. Mandibular retraction - shorter lever arm. b. With poor posture like kyphosis i. think torque first ii. 2nd think about which muscles are elongated or shortened. 1. Lats get longer 2. rhomboids get longer 3. splenius cervicis shorter 4. suboccipital triangle - most become shorter. 5. pecs get shorter 6. internal rotators get shortened. 7. Rotator Cuff muscles a. internal rotators  i. Subscapularis ii. Infraspinatus iii. Supraspinatus (holds the humerus tightly in the GH joint) b. External rotators i. teres minor 8. Anatomy of cervical spine a. vertebrae b. Have Transverse Foramina for Vertebral Artery 9. Deepest muscles of cervical spine a. SUB OCCIPITAL TRIANGLE muscles b. Note that inside the triangle also has suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery. 10. Example given by Dr. Sarmiento a. Elderly people can lose their balance when they look up because the vertebrae can deteriorate which can cause the blood flow to the brain to stop momentarily. b. Where the vertebral artery arises from i. Subclavian Artery 11. Musculature of Spine 12. Ligaments of the spine a. Supraspinous ligament which fuses with and at T1 turns into… b. Ligamentum nuchae c. intertransverse ligaments (sides of spine) i. limits lateral flexion ipsilateral if no direction is given ii. if the direction is given, then it's contralateral d. interspinous ligament 13. posterior longitudinal ligament fuses with what ligament(s)? 14. what does it do 15. ligaments on spinous process limit a. posterior longitudinal ligament - flexion b. anterior longitudinal ligament - extension 16. when do vertebrae move closer or farther? a. closer anteriorly with flexion 17. lamina will move apart in relation to each other → will come apart during flexion 18. if move closer → ligament shortened 19. if moved apart → stretched ligament 20. Arthrokinematics for a. Cervical spine b. thoracic spine c. lumbar spine d. know facet orientation 21. in open chain C-spine a. occiput → convex b. C1 → concavity i. Flexion: 1. Anterior roll posterior glide of occiput on C1 ii. Extension: 1. posterior roll anterior glide of occiput on C1 22. Biomechanics and anatomical positions a. Chart of the intradiscus pressure  i. know the extremes 1. Least: a. lying flat on back 2. Worst: a. holding box with straight legs and rounded back ii. increased moment arm → torque 23. Quadratus lumborum a. pelvis, lumbar spine, and lower ribs b. hip hiker 24. Psoas major a. connects to lumbar spine i. bodies of L1-L5 ii. and transverse processes b. affect on lumbar spine (pain in the back) * DONT NEED TO KNOW insertion or innervation - just the function 25. Contribution of erector spinae a. help with spinal stability and mobility 26. contribution of ….. on stability of the back a. lats b. multifidi i. a lot of stability c. rotatores i. don't have enough lever arm to rotate spine compared to iliocostalis → torque d. rhomboids The further from the spine → the less contribution to the spine Facet movements during spinal flexion/rotation/ etc. know the basics: protraction retraction supination pronation muscles used planes of motion axis of rotation anatomical position Vestibulospinal tract and affects on balance. (lateral) REFLEXES upper and lower motor units and contribution to reflexes reflex mechanism General how brain and cerebellum work with movement shoulder: ligaments of shoulder importance of subacromial space: supraspinatus, biceps long head tendon, and bursa go through this space. the 3 spaces - potential areas of impingement, what comes out of these. 1. quadrangular 2. triangular 3. triangular interval BRACHIAL PLEXUS Roots → Elbow (because of triceps brachii – radial n.) so really roots (ventral rami) to terminal branches and that radial nerve innervates triceps brachii Supraspinatus helps with first 30 degrees of ABDuction Landmarks for palpation Inferior border of scapula aligns with T7 Spine of scapula aligns with T3 Know the posterior and anterior border of the deltoid (idk why but this was said) Axillary Artery subclavian artery until 1st rib → transitions to Axillary artery part 2 of axillary artery is completely covered by pec minor inferior border of teres major → becomes brachial artery Biomechanics of GH, Clavicle, Scapulothoracic orientation of proximal clavicle vertical: clavicle is convex on concavity horizontal clavicle is concavity on convexity Shoulder flexion or ABD above 90 degrees = posterior roll ligaments of the AC joint @corocoid process trapezoid conoid and 1 more ligament that i didn't hear that limits clavicle from separating contribution with rotation because it is connected to the scapula GH joint ligaments – functions? Force couples Cerebellar stroke → poor coordination → no vestibular → fall