Behaviour Modification Principles
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of behaviour modification?

  • Changing environmental factors to influence behaviour (correct)
  • Understanding covert behaviour
  • Punishing overt behaviour
  • Observing internal thoughts and feelings

Which of the following is an example of overt behaviour?

  • Daydreaming
  • Walking down the street (correct)
  • Imagining a scenario
  • Thinking about a problem

How can increasing teacher attention affect classroom behaviour?

  • It has no significant impact on student behaviour.
  • It can decrease disruptive behaviours by providing reinforcement. (correct)
  • It guarantees that students will always be engaged.
  • It can lead to more frequent disruptions.

What is a characteristic of covert behaviour?

<p>It can only be known by the individual performing it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is behaviour modification considered built on basic behavioural principles?

<p>It incorporates reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes overt behaviour?

<p>Visible actions that can be measured by others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Samantha's head banging have on her environment?

<p>It increases teacher attention directed towards her. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to describe behaviour according to its definition?

<p>Describing actions with action verbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measurable dimension of behaviour tracks how often an action occurs?

<p>Frequency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of measuring the intensity of behaviour?

<p>Assessing the physical force used in an action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does autism serve as according to the description provided?

<p>A label describing behavior patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a measurable dimension of behaviour?

<p>Visibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for behavior modification procedures to be effective?

<p>Changes in environmental events related to behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does behaviour affect the environment?

<p>Behaviour affects both physical and social environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who typically implements behavior modifications, aside from professionals?

<p>Parents and teachers after appropriate training. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lawfulness of behaviour imply?

<p>Behaviour follows functional relationships with environmental events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring behavior change after an intervention?

<p>To assess if the behavior is maintained post-intervention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can behaviour be observed and recorded effectively?

<p>By noting observable actions through the senses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rejection of hypothetical underlying causes of behavior imply?

<p>That only observable behavior should be focused on. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the latency of behaviour?

<p>The time taken for a behaviour to begin after a prompt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Ivan P. Pavlov demonstrate through his experiments?

<p>Learned responses can be conditioned. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of knowing past events related to behavior?

<p>It provides insight into environmental influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner, how are hypothetical explanations of behavior viewed?

<p>As unverifiable and without practical utility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does behaviour modification primarily focus on?

<p>Understanding the reasons behind behaviours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a behavioural deficit?

<p>A behavioural deficit refers to a desirable behaviour that is lacking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of behaviour modification procedures?

<p>To improve the quality of life by changing behaviours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a principle of behaviour modification?

<p>The procedures are based on animal behaviour studies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a target behaviour?

<p>A specific behaviour selected for modification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do current environmental events play in behaviour modification?

<p>They are assessed and modified to influence behaviour. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to avoid labeling in behaviour modification?

<p>Labels can potentially cause stigma and limit behaviour analysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is incorrect about behaviour modification?

<p>It only focuses on historical causes of behaviour. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Effect state about behavior?

<p>Behaviors that produce a favorable effect are more likely to be repeated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is credited with starting behaviorism?

<p>John B. Watson (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In clinical psychology, behavior modification is referred to as what?

<p>Behavior therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary application of behavior modification in developmental disabilities?

<p>Teaching fundamental skills to reduce behavioral deficits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a token economy?

<p>A motivational procedure for patients in institutions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of application for behavior modification focuses on improving athletic performance?

<p>Sports performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In business settings, behavior modification is referred to as what?

<p>Organizational behavior modification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of behavior modification in community psychology?

<p>Influencing the behavior of large groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can behavior modification contribute to rehabilitation?

<p>By promoting routine compliance and skill acquisition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of behavior modification in child behavior management?

<p>Managing temper tantrums and noncompliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behaviour

What individuals do or say, involving their actions, not static traits.

Action-based Description

Describe behaviour using action verbs, focusing on observable actions.

Measurable Dimensions of Behaviour

Aspects of behaviour that can be measured, like how often, how long, how intense, and how quickly it starts.

Frequency

The number of times a behaviour occurs.

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Duration

The length of time a behaviour lasts.

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Intensity

The physical force or energy involved in a behaviour.

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Latency

The delay between an event and the start of a behaviour.

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Observability and Recordability

Behaviours are observable actions that can be perceived through senses and recorded.

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Overt Behaviour

Actions that can be observed and measured by others.

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Covert Behaviour

Internal or private behaviours observable only by the individual.

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Behaviour Modification

The process of identifying environmental causes of behaviour and making adjustments to influence it.

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Stimulus Control

The act of attending to, or focusing on, a specific stimulus or behaviour.

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Positive Reinforcement

The process of increasing the likelihood of a behaviour by providing a positive consequence after it occurs.

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Punishment

The process of decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour by presenting an unpleasant consequence after it occurs.

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Stimulus Control

When an individual's behaviour is dependent on the presence or absence of a specific stimulus or cue.

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Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)

A process that systematically manipulates environmental factors to influence behaviour.

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Functional Relationship (in Behavior Modification)

The relationship between environmental events and a behavior, explaining why the behavior happens.

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Target Behavior

The specific behavior that is being targeted for change. This can be either an undesirable behavior to decrease or a desirable behavior to increase.

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Behavioral Excess

An undesirable behavior that a person wants to reduce, like smoking.

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Behavioral Deficit

A desirable behavior that a person wants to increase, like exercising or studying.

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Emphasis on Current Environmental Events

The focus on the current environmental events that control behavior. This means understanding the immediate context of the behavior rather than focusing on labels or internal states.

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Label Misattribution

Misattributing the cause of behavior to a label or diagnosis instead of focusing on the environmental events that control it.

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Autism: Label vs. Cause

A label used to describe a pattern of behaviors, not a cause of those behaviors.

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Behavior Modification Procedures

Changes made to the environment to influence behavior. These changes must be specific and observable.

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Everyday Implementation

Everyone can implement behavior modification techniques, not just professionals. Training is crucial for effective application.

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Behavior Change Measurement

Tracking behavior before and after intervention, ensuring lasting change.

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Past Events: Information, Not Cause

Past experiences, such as learning, can be valuable in understanding behavior, but they are not the sole cause.

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Rejecting Hypothetical Causes

Rejecting hypothetical explanations that cannot be proven or measured, focusing on observable causes of behavior.

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Respondent Conditioning

The process of learning a new response to a stimulus through repeated pairing, discovered by Pavlov.

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B.F. Skinner

A key figure in behaviorism, whose theories are influential in behavior modification, focusing on observable behaviors and their environmental influences.

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Law of Effect

A principle that states that behaviors producing favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated.

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Behaviorism

The study of how environmental events influence behavior.

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Operant Conditioning

Modifying behavior by changing the consequences of actions; adding or removing something to increase or decrease a behavior's frequency.

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Token Economy

Using a system of rewards, like tokens, for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for privileges or items.

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Negative Reinforcement

A procedure where a behavior is followed by the removal of a positive consequence, decreasing its likelihood.

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Positive Punishment

A procedure where a behavior is followed by the presentation of a negative consequence, decreasing its likelihood.

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Study Notes

Behaviour Modification: Principles and Procedures

  • Behaviour is defined as actions or statements, not characteristics. Descriptions should use action verbs (e.g., "Jennifer screamed").
  • Measurable dimensions of behaviour:
    • Frequency—how often a behaviour occurs (e.g., Shane bit his nails 12 times).
    • Duration—the length of time a behaviour lasts (e.g., Rita jogged for 25 minutes).
    • Intensity—the force or energy involved (e.g., Garth bench pressed 220 pounds).
    • Latency—the time between an event and the behaviour (e.g., the delay between a question and a student raising their hand).
  • Behaviours are observable and recordable, meaning they can be seen or heard (e.g., a child clapping hands).
  • Behaviour always affects the environment, physically (e.g., turning on a light) or socially (e.g., raising a hand gets the teacher's attention).

Lawfulness of Behaviour

  • Behaviour is governed by its functional relationship with environmental events (e.g., a child's disruptive behaviour increases when the teacher gives less attention).
  • Behavioural principles describe how behaviour changes in response to environmental triggers. Understanding these principles aids in adjusting environments to manage behaviour.
  • Examples of behaviour type include:
    • Overt Behaviour: Visible actions, observable by others (e.g., walking, talking).
    • Covert Behaviour: Internal actions, only observable by the individual (e.g., thinking, dreaming).

Behaviour Modification

  • Involves identifying environmental causes of behaviour and influencing it. This builds on principles like reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus control.
  • It involves analyzing and modifying human behaviour.
  • It develops procedures to help people change their behaviour by altering environmental events to influence behaviour.
  • It's used to improve socially-significant behaviours, aiming for better quality of life.

Characteristics of Behaviour Modification

  • Focuses on describing and changing behaviour, specifically.

Procedures in Behaviour Modification

  • Procedures are precisely described to ensure accurate implementation.
  • Procedures are implemented by many people, including individuals in everyday life (teachers, parents).
  • Behaviour change is measured before and after intervention.
  • Past events are not viewed as primary causes of current behaviours; environmental factors are emphasized.
  • Hypothetical explanations of behaviours are not used; instead, observable environmental factors are sought.

Historical Roots

  • Ivan Pavlov: Known for respondent conditioning experiments (e.g., dogs salivating to a bell).
  • Edward Thorndike: Developed the Law of Effect, stating behaviours followed by favourable outcomes are more likely to be repeated.

Areas of Application

  • Individuals with developmental disabilities, mental illness, or emotional problems - improving coping skills and social behaviour.
  • Education & special education settings to reduce problematic behaviours in the classroom.
  • Healthcare, rehabilitation to help people return to normal functioning after injury or trauma.
  • Community psychology to influence behaviour changes in large groups.
  • Clinical psychology, business, industries for promoting effective behaviour in workplaces or in the community.
  • Sports performance to improve athletic performance.

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Related Documents

Behaviour Modification: Principles and Procedures Chapter 1 PDF

Description

Explore the essential principles of behaviour modification, focusing on measurable dimensions such as frequency, duration, intensity, and latency. This quiz will help you understand how observable behaviours influence the environment and the lawfulness governing these actions.

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