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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What role do IgE antibodies play in allergic responses?
What role do IgE antibodies play in allergic responses?
IgE antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of histamine and initiating an inflammatory response.
Identify two common symptoms of allergies.
Identify two common symptoms of allergies.
Runny nose and conjunctivitis.
How do autoimmune diseases differ from normal immune responses?
How do autoimmune diseases differ from normal immune responses?
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets self-antigens instead of ignoring them.
What triggers an autoimmune reaction, as described in the content?
What triggers an autoimmune reaction, as described in the content?
Describe one effect of multiple sclerosis on the nervous system.
Describe one effect of multiple sclerosis on the nervous system.
What is the clinical significance of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) during organ transplants?
What is the clinical significance of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) during organ transplants?
Provide an example of an autoimmune disease and its symptom.
Provide an example of an autoimmune disease and its symptom.
What happens to the immune system in allergic contact reactions?
What happens to the immune system in allergic contact reactions?
What are the three ways that immunodeficiency can occur due to disruptions in lymphocyte functioning?
What are the three ways that immunodeficiency can occur due to disruptions in lymphocyte functioning?
What is Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) and how is it treated?
What is Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) and how is it treated?
What is the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
What is the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
How does HIV impair the immune system's function, particularly regarding CD4 T cells?
How does HIV impair the immune system's function, particularly regarding CD4 T cells?
Define hypersensitivity in the context of the immune system.
Define hypersensitivity in the context of the immune system.
What role do allergens play in the immune response associated with allergies?
What role do allergens play in the immune response associated with allergies?
What is the relationship between IgE production and allergic responses?
What is the relationship between IgE production and allergic responses?
What types of conditions fall under the acquired category of immunodeficiency?
What types of conditions fall under the acquired category of immunodeficiency?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- Immune response complexity leads to various clinical conditions.
- Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system fails to combat pathogens.
- Disruptions in lymphocyte functioning can cause immunodeficiency.
- Causes include:
- Improper embryological development of lymphoid organs.
- Infections that depress immune function.
- Exposure to immunosuppressive agents (e.g., radiation, drugs).
- Immunodeficiency is classified into:
- Congenital: Present from birth.
- Acquired: Develops post-birth.
Immunodeficiency Diseases
- Congenital conditions are rare genetic defects affecting lymphocyte development.
- Example: Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID), marked by low or absent B and T cells, leading to severe immunity issues.
- SCID is fatal if untreated and can be treated with bone marrow transplants.
- Acquired conditions arise from factors such as nutritional deficiencies, trauma, stress, or infections.
- Example: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
- HIV targets CD4 T cells, impairing immune responses, making patients susceptible to infections.
Hypersensitivity
- Hypersensitivity refers to inappropriate or excessive immune responses, classified into:
- Allergies: Excessive responses to harmless environmental antigens (allergens).
- Symptoms include runny nose, conjunctivitis, and urticaria (rash).
- The body produces IgE antibodies upon repeated allergen exposure.
- Allergens can include medications (e.g., penicillin), preservatives, and cosmetics.
- Autoimmunity: The immune system incorrectly targets self-antigens, leading to diseases.
- Triggered by malfunctioning recognition systems and decreased suppressor T cell activity.
- Example: Lupus, affecting multiple body systems, marked by fatigue and a butterfly-shaped facial rash.
- Example: Multiple Sclerosis, where antibodies attack the myelin sheath, causing muscle weakness and balance issues.
- Allergies: Excessive responses to harmless environmental antigens (allergens).
Tissue Transplants
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules are crucial for organ transplants.
- MHC molecules present non-self antigens to lymphocytes, initiating immune responses.
- Post-transplant, T cells recognize donor MHC molecules, leading to potential graft rejection.
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