Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of B-cell deficiencies?
What is the primary characteristic of B-cell deficiencies?
- Dysfunctional B lymphocytes or decreased their prevalence (correct)
- Decreased T lymphocyte function
- Normal levels of immunoglobulins
- Increased antibody production
At what age do symptoms of B-cell deficiencies typically first appear?
At what age do symptoms of B-cell deficiencies typically first appear?
- At 1-2 years
- At birth
- In early childhood
- Around 7-9 months (correct)
Which lifestyle phase contributes to the onset of symptoms in B-cell deficiencies?
Which lifestyle phase contributes to the onset of symptoms in B-cell deficiencies?
- During pregnancy
- Once the child begins eating solids
- Post-weaning (correct)
- During breastfeeding
What type of infections are patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) particularly susceptible to?
What type of infections are patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) particularly susceptible to?
Why are males predominantly affected by X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)?
Why are males predominantly affected by X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)?
What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?
What remains normal in patients with XLA despite their B-cell deficiency?
What remains normal in patients with XLA despite their B-cell deficiency?
What is the most studied secondary immunodeficiency that affected over 35 million people?
What is the most studied secondary immunodeficiency that affected over 35 million people?
What is the primary consequence of T-cell deficiencies in individuals?
What is the primary consequence of T-cell deficiencies in individuals?
Which symptom is commonly associated with DiGeorge Syndrome?
Which symptom is commonly associated with DiGeorge Syndrome?
Which component of the complement system, when deficient, leads to the most severe symptoms?
Which component of the complement system, when deficient, leads to the most severe symptoms?
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) primarily results from a deficiency in which of the following?
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) primarily results from a deficiency in which of the following?
Why do patients with T-cell deficiencies tend to show frequent infections starting at 3-4 months after birth?
Why do patients with T-cell deficiencies tend to show frequent infections starting at 3-4 months after birth?
What type of infections are patients with complement deficiencies particularly prone to?
What type of infections are patients with complement deficiencies particularly prone to?
Which of the following is NOT a common clinical manifestation of DiGeorge Syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a common clinical manifestation of DiGeorge Syndrome?
Symptoms of hereditary angioedema include swelling in which areas?
Symptoms of hereditary angioedema include swelling in which areas?
What is a primary characteristic of Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
What is a primary characteristic of Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Which population is most affected by severe combined inherited immunodeficiency (SCID)?
Which population is most affected by severe combined inherited immunodeficiency (SCID)?
What method did David Vetter require to avoid infections associated with SCID?
What method did David Vetter require to avoid infections associated with SCID?
Which immune response is compromised in individuals with combined T- and B-cell deficiencies?
Which immune response is compromised in individuals with combined T- and B-cell deficiencies?
What is a common outcome for patients with CGD?
What is a common outcome for patients with CGD?
What is the tendency of the body in response to infections seen in CGD?
What is the tendency of the body in response to infections seen in CGD?
What type of immune cells are dysfunctional in patients with SCID?
What type of immune cells are dysfunctional in patients with SCID?
Why might mild diseases, like chickenpox, be life-threatening for those with combined T- and B-cell deficiencies?
Why might mild diseases, like chickenpox, be life-threatening for those with combined T- and B-cell deficiencies?
What is the CD4+ T helper cell threshold that indicates a diagnosis of AIDS?
What is the CD4+ T helper cell threshold that indicates a diagnosis of AIDS?
What is a significant consequence of untreated AIDS after diagnosis?
What is a significant consequence of untreated AIDS after diagnosis?
What role does antiretroviral therapy (ART) play in HIV treatment?
What role does antiretroviral therapy (ART) play in HIV treatment?
How has the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) impacted the progression of HIV to AIDS?
How has the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) impacted the progression of HIV to AIDS?
What is the expected survival duration of untreated AIDS patients after diagnosis?
What is the expected survival duration of untreated AIDS patients after diagnosis?
Why is combination retroviral therapy significant in HIV treatment?
Why is combination retroviral therapy significant in HIV treatment?
Which statement regarding the impact of ART in low- and middle-income countries is accurate?
Which statement regarding the impact of ART in low- and middle-income countries is accurate?
What happens to the CD4+ T helper cells during clinical latency in chronic HIV infection?
What happens to the CD4+ T helper cells during clinical latency in chronic HIV infection?
What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
What primarily mediates type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
What primarily mediates type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the main factor that causes symptoms to subside in serum sickness?
What is the main factor that causes symptoms to subside in serum sickness?
Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
What can type III hypersensitivity reactions contribute to, aside from serum sickness?
What can type III hypersensitivity reactions contribute to, aside from serum sickness?
Which statement accurately describes the role of antitoxins?
Which statement accurately describes the role of antitoxins?
Which type of cell is NOT a key player in type IV hypersensitivity?
Which type of cell is NOT a key player in type IV hypersensitivity?
How long can it take for symptoms of serum sickness to manifest after exposure?
How long can it take for symptoms of serum sickness to manifest after exposure?
What is the main histological finding in the biopsy of a patient with Crohn’s disease?
What is the main histological finding in the biopsy of a patient with Crohn’s disease?
Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
In the immune response associated with IBD, which type of T-cells are primarily activated?
In the immune response associated with IBD, which type of T-cells are primarily activated?
What is a common symptom of IBD as a result of the inflammatory response?
What is a common symptom of IBD as a result of the inflammatory response?
What process causes the direct cellular damage in the bowel associated with IBD?
What process causes the direct cellular damage in the bowel associated with IBD?
Which statement is true regarding the role of immunoglobulins in IBD?
Which statement is true regarding the role of immunoglobulins in IBD?
The inflammation caused by IBD can lead to which of the following complications?
The inflammation caused by IBD can lead to which of the following complications?
What is the initial response of T-cells to exposure to an antigen in IBD?
What is the initial response of T-cells to exposure to an antigen in IBD?
What is a primary clinical use of immunophilins like cyclosporine?
What is a primary clinical use of immunophilins like cyclosporine?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of cyclosporine?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of cyclosporine?
Which therapy is characterized as killing activated T-cells in a non-specific manner?
Which therapy is characterized as killing activated T-cells in a non-specific manner?
Which of the following cytotoxic drugs is associated with significant nausea and vomiting as side effects?
Which of the following cytotoxic drugs is associated with significant nausea and vomiting as side effects?
What potential effect does long-term use of corticosteroids like prednisone have on bone health?
What potential effect does long-term use of corticosteroids like prednisone have on bone health?
In the context of immunosuppressive drugs, which drug is likely to cause hair loss as a side effect?
In the context of immunosuppressive drugs, which drug is likely to cause hair loss as a side effect?
Which immunosuppressive drug is known for causing gastrointestinal side effects such as stomach ache and diarrhea?
Which immunosuppressive drug is known for causing gastrointestinal side effects such as stomach ache and diarrhea?
Which class of immunosuppressive drugs is highlighted as acting specifically to block T-cell responses?
Which class of immunosuppressive drugs is highlighted as acting specifically to block T-cell responses?
What characterizes the clinical latency phase of chronic HIV infection?
What characterizes the clinical latency phase of chronic HIV infection?
What distinguishes AIDS from other stages of HIV infection?
What distinguishes AIDS from other stages of HIV infection?
What is the primary difference between acquired and primary immunodeficiency diseases?
What is the primary difference between acquired and primary immunodeficiency diseases?
What characteristic do all AIDS patients share regarding their immune system?
What characteristic do all AIDS patients share regarding their immune system?
What is a significant outcome of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?
What is a significant outcome of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?
What is a notable clinical outcome of advanced AIDS infection?
What is a notable clinical outcome of advanced AIDS infection?
What is the typical survival duration for untreated AIDS patients after diagnosis?
What is the typical survival duration for untreated AIDS patients after diagnosis?
Which term best describes the collection of conditions related to weakened immune defenses in AIDS patients?
Which term best describes the collection of conditions related to weakened immune defenses in AIDS patients?
What is the primary action of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the treatment of HIV?
What is the primary action of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the treatment of HIV?
Why is combination retroviral therapy important in HIV treatment?
Why is combination retroviral therapy important in HIV treatment?
How is HIV primarily transmitted in many regions of the world?
How is HIV primarily transmitted in many regions of the world?
Which of the following accurately describes the term 'Secondary Immunodeficiency'?
Which of the following accurately describes the term 'Secondary Immunodeficiency'?
What was the impact of antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries in 2010 according to WHO estimates?
What was the impact of antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries in 2010 according to WHO estimates?
How does HIV evade immune defenses as the infection progresses?
How does HIV evade immune defenses as the infection progresses?
What is a significant factor in the definition of AIDS?
What is a significant factor in the definition of AIDS?
What do encapsulated bacteria have in common that makes them unique?
What do encapsulated bacteria have in common that makes them unique?
Which characteristic distinguishes Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis based on colonoscopic findings?
Which characteristic distinguishes Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis based on colonoscopic findings?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) classified as?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) classified as?
What is the primary immune mechanism leading to tissue damage in patients with IBD?
What is the primary immune mechanism leading to tissue damage in patients with IBD?
What histological feature is observed in the mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease?
What histological feature is observed in the mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease?
Which of the following cytokines is typically released by activated helper T-cells in IBD?
Which of the following cytokines is typically released by activated helper T-cells in IBD?
In the context of IBD, which symptom is most directly linked to the inflammatory process?
In the context of IBD, which symptom is most directly linked to the inflammatory process?
Which mechanism do cytotoxic T-cells utilize to inflict damage during the immune response in IBD?
Which mechanism do cytotoxic T-cells utilize to inflict damage during the immune response in IBD?
What is a common misconception regarding the role of antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease?
What is a common misconception regarding the role of antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease?
Which symptom is least likely to be directly associated with gastrointestinal infection?
Which symptom is least likely to be directly associated with gastrointestinal infection?
What does an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?
What does an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?
Which test is specifically used to evaluate for the presence of parasites?
Which test is specifically used to evaluate for the presence of parasites?
Which of the following examinations would be least likely to reveal any abnormalities in the given patient assessment?
Which of the following examinations would be least likely to reveal any abnormalities in the given patient assessment?
What is a significant characteristic of C-reactive protein levels?
What is a significant characteristic of C-reactive protein levels?
What could the presentation of three ulcers noted in the oral mucosa suggest?
What could the presentation of three ulcers noted in the oral mucosa suggest?
Which symptom would most likely suggest the progression of a chronic condition?
Which symptom would most likely suggest the progression of a chronic condition?
What is the likely outcome of a complete blood count (CBC) in a patient with suspected systemic issues?
What is the likely outcome of a complete blood count (CBC) in a patient with suspected systemic issues?
What physiological changes occur in the airways during an asthma attack?
What physiological changes occur in the airways during an asthma attack?
What type of hypersensitivity is primarily involved in asthma?
What type of hypersensitivity is primarily involved in asthma?
Which immunoglobulin plays a critical role in the asthmatic reaction?
Which immunoglobulin plays a critical role in the asthmatic reaction?
What occurs upon secondary exposure to an allergen in asthma patients?
What occurs upon secondary exposure to an allergen in asthma patients?
What is the primary effect of mast cell degranulation in asthma?
What is the primary effect of mast cell degranulation in asthma?
Which cell type is primarily activated during allergic inflammation in asthma?
Which cell type is primarily activated during allergic inflammation in asthma?
Which process is responsible for increased mucus secretion during asthma attacks?
Which process is responsible for increased mucus secretion during asthma attacks?
How does inflammation develop during an allergic response such as asthma?
How does inflammation develop during an allergic response such as asthma?
What is the reason for the initial negative p 24/g p120 antibody/antigen HIV test result in David?
What is the reason for the initial negative p 24/g p120 antibody/antigen HIV test result in David?
Which immune cells primarily experience a decrease following HIV infection?
Which immune cells primarily experience a decrease following HIV infection?
What occurs to HIV levels in David's blood after initial infection?
What occurs to HIV levels in David's blood after initial infection?
What type of immune response does David's body produce in reaction to HIV infection?
What type of immune response does David's body produce in reaction to HIV infection?
In the context of HIV, which protein is NOT detected by the initial antibody/antigen test?
In the context of HIV, which protein is NOT detected by the initial antibody/antigen test?
Which immune cell type is primarily targeted and replicated in by HIV?
Which immune cell type is primarily targeted and replicated in by HIV?
What is the primary mode of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa?
What is the primary mode of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa?
What is a significant challenge for David's immune system in combating HIV?
What is a significant challenge for David's immune system in combating HIV?
During which stage of HIV infection do CD4+ T cell levels experience an initial drastic decrease?
During which stage of HIV infection do CD4+ T cell levels experience an initial drastic decrease?
What happens within the first few weeks of HIV infection regarding T-cells?
What happens within the first few weeks of HIV infection regarding T-cells?
What remains detectable during the clinical latency stage of HIV infection?
What remains detectable during the clinical latency stage of HIV infection?
What causes the eventual ineffectiveness of the immune response against HIV over time?
What causes the eventual ineffectiveness of the immune response against HIV over time?
What is the typical duration within which flu-like symptoms appear post initial HIV exposure?
What is the typical duration within which flu-like symptoms appear post initial HIV exposure?
Which statement accurately describes the immune response during the acute infection phase?
Which statement accurately describes the immune response during the acute infection phase?
What significant outcome can occur if HIV infection goes untreated?
What significant outcome can occur if HIV infection goes untreated?
What fundamental change occurs to the immune system over the course of HIV infection?
What fundamental change occurs to the immune system over the course of HIV infection?
Which immunosuppressive drug is primarily used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation?
Which immunosuppressive drug is primarily used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation?
What is a notable potential side effect associated with corticosteroids like prednisone?
What is a notable potential side effect associated with corticosteroids like prednisone?
Which type of therapy specifically kills activated T-cells without targeting them directly?
Which type of therapy specifically kills activated T-cells without targeting them directly?
Which drug is associated with the side effects of mouth sores, lung sores, and increased risk of skin infections?
Which drug is associated with the side effects of mouth sores, lung sores, and increased risk of skin infections?
What mechanism do immunophilins, such as cyclosporine, use to inhibit T-cell responses?
What mechanism do immunophilins, such as cyclosporine, use to inhibit T-cell responses?
Which side effect is commonly associated with the use of cyclosporine?
Which side effect is commonly associated with the use of cyclosporine?
Corticosteroids such as prednisone may lead to which condition due to their metabolic effects?
Corticosteroids such as prednisone may lead to which condition due to their metabolic effects?
Which of the following is a characteristic side effect of cytotoxic drugs like cyclophosphamide?
Which of the following is a characteristic side effect of cytotoxic drugs like cyclophosphamide?
What is a potential consequence of immunosuppressive therapy concerning infections?
What is a potential consequence of immunosuppressive therapy concerning infections?
Which pathogen is commonly associated with latent infections in immunocompromised patients?
Which pathogen is commonly associated with latent infections in immunocompromised patients?
What is the primary characteristic of opportunistic infections in patients on immunosuppressive therapy?
What is the primary characteristic of opportunistic infections in patients on immunosuppressive therapy?
Which of the following opportunistic infections is caused by a parasitic pathogen?
Which of the following opportunistic infections is caused by a parasitic pathogen?
Which opportunistic infection primarily affects the respiratory system in immunosuppressed patients?
Which opportunistic infection primarily affects the respiratory system in immunosuppressed patients?
Which of the following is NOT typically classified as a latent infection?
Which of the following is NOT typically classified as a latent infection?
What is the mode of transmission for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP)?
What is the mode of transmission for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP)?
Which of the following best describes latent infections?
Which of the following best describes latent infections?
What type of immune response is most likely involved in John's wheezing episodes?
What type of immune response is most likely involved in John's wheezing episodes?
Which symptom is most likely associated with John's hypersensitivity condition?
Which symptom is most likely associated with John's hypersensitivity condition?
At what age did John first experience wheezing that was preceded by a viral infection?
At what age did John first experience wheezing that was preceded by a viral infection?
What medication is NOT mentioned as part of John's management plan for his symptoms?
What medication is NOT mentioned as part of John's management plan for his symptoms?
What could be a potential reason for John not responding effectively to his albuterol inhaler during episodes?
What could be a potential reason for John not responding effectively to his albuterol inhaler during episodes?
Which of the following best describes the nature of John's cough?
Which of the following best describes the nature of John's cough?
Which examination finding would likely be most alarming in this case of a hypersensitivity reaction?
Which examination finding would likely be most alarming in this case of a hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the likely cause of a possible exacerbation in John's symptoms during the spring?
What is the likely cause of a possible exacerbation in John's symptoms during the spring?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for pathogen recognition in the innate immune system?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for pathogen recognition in the innate immune system?
In the context of immunotherapy, which component is primarily exploited to enhance the immune response?
In the context of immunotherapy, which component is primarily exploited to enhance the immune response?
What mechanism is involved in the differentiation of B-cells into plasmocytes?
What mechanism is involved in the differentiation of B-cells into plasmocytes?
Which immune cell type is specifically associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Which immune cell type is specifically associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Which component primarily contributes to the recognition of danger signals from damaged cells in the immune system?
Which component primarily contributes to the recognition of danger signals from damaged cells in the immune system?
What major population impact does HIV/AIDS have globally since 1981?
What major population impact does HIV/AIDS have globally since 1981?
What is the significance of maternal IgG transfer in infants regarding B-cell deficiencies?
What is the significance of maternal IgG transfer in infants regarding B-cell deficiencies?
Why is X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) particularly prevalent in males?
Why is X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) particularly prevalent in males?
What type of infections remain unchanged in patients with XLA despite their B-cell deficiency?
What type of infections remain unchanged in patients with XLA despite their B-cell deficiency?
What critical immune function is impaired in individuals with T-cell deficiencies?
What critical immune function is impaired in individuals with T-cell deficiencies?
What leads to increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria in B-cell deficiencies?
What leads to increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria in B-cell deficiencies?
During which period do infants start exhibiting symptoms of B-cell deficiencies?
During which period do infants start exhibiting symptoms of B-cell deficiencies?
How does the immune response remain normal in patients with XLA despite their B-cell deficiency?
How does the immune response remain normal in patients with XLA despite their B-cell deficiency?
What mediators are primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity?
What mediators are primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity?
Describe the difference between primary and secondary exposure to an allergen in Type I hypersensitivity.
Describe the difference between primary and secondary exposure to an allergen in Type I hypersensitivity.
List at least two common examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
List at least two common examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
What role do allergens play in Type I hypersensitivity?
What role do allergens play in Type I hypersensitivity?
What are the potential consequences of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
What are the potential consequences of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
How quickly can a Type I hypersensitivity reaction occur after exposure to an allergen?
How quickly can a Type I hypersensitivity reaction occur after exposure to an allergen?
What is one autoimmune disease associated with Type III hypersensitivity?
What is one autoimmune disease associated with Type III hypersensitivity?
What is the relationship between CD4+ T-helper cell count and the diagnosis of AIDS?
What is the relationship between CD4+ T-helper cell count and the diagnosis of AIDS?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily characterized by skin reactions and delayed responses?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily characterized by skin reactions and delayed responses?
What autoimmune mechanism leads to the development of autoimmune diseases?
What autoimmune mechanism leads to the development of autoimmune diseases?
What percentage of individuals affected by autoimmune diseases are women?
What percentage of individuals affected by autoimmune diseases are women?
How does the immune response differ between immunodeficiency and autoimmunity?
How does the immune response differ between immunodeficiency and autoimmunity?
What is the impact of low-level HIV multiplication on CD4+ T-helper cells over time?
What is the impact of low-level HIV multiplication on CD4+ T-helper cells over time?
What defines the clinical onset of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients?
What defines the clinical onset of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients?
What process allows the immune system to maintain a healthy state regarding self-recognition?
What process allows the immune system to maintain a healthy state regarding self-recognition?
What is the significance of distinguishing self from nonself in the immune response?
What is the significance of distinguishing self from nonself in the immune response?
What specific symptom associated with Victor’s abdominal pain might suggest an inflammatory condition?
What specific symptom associated with Victor’s abdominal pain might suggest an inflammatory condition?
Why might the physician order an Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test for Victor?
Why might the physician order an Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test for Victor?
What does the presence of ulcers in Victor’s oral mucosa indicate in the context of his symptoms?
What does the presence of ulcers in Victor’s oral mucosa indicate in the context of his symptoms?
How does joint pain with stiffness relate to gastrointestinal symptoms in Victor's case?
How does joint pain with stiffness relate to gastrointestinal symptoms in Victor's case?
What information does a Complete Blood Count (CBC) provide in Victor’s evaluation?
What information does a Complete Blood Count (CBC) provide in Victor’s evaluation?
What is the significance of identifying parasites through an Ova/Parasite investigation in Victor's case?
What is the significance of identifying parasites through an Ova/Parasite investigation in Victor's case?
Discuss the relevance of Victor being underweight for his age in relation to his gastrointestinal symptoms.
Discuss the relevance of Victor being underweight for his age in relation to his gastrointestinal symptoms.
In Victor's case, what could the combination of fatigue and relapsing abdominal pain suggest?
In Victor's case, what could the combination of fatigue and relapsing abdominal pain suggest?
What is the significance of an AGPAR score of 7 or above for a newborn?
What is the significance of an AGPAR score of 7 or above for a newborn?
How does John's family medical history potentially impact his condition?
How does John's family medical history potentially impact his condition?
What are the typical vital sign abnormalities observed in John's physical examination?
What are the typical vital sign abnormalities observed in John's physical examination?
What characterizes asthma in terms of its inflammatory response?
What characterizes asthma in terms of its inflammatory response?
Identify two physical examination findings that suggest an immune reaction in John.
Identify two physical examination findings that suggest an immune reaction in John.
Which aspect of John’s symptoms suggests an acute asthma attack?
Which aspect of John’s symptoms suggests an acute asthma attack?
What role does family environment play in the exacerbation of asthma symptoms?
What role does family environment play in the exacerbation of asthma symptoms?
What is the maximum score possible on the AGPAR scale and what does it represent?
What is the maximum score possible on the AGPAR scale and what does it represent?
Explain how autoimmunity differs from normal immune response.
Explain how autoimmunity differs from normal immune response.
Identify one example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
Identify one example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
What factor is primarily responsible for the onset of symptoms in Graves disease?
What factor is primarily responsible for the onset of symptoms in Graves disease?
Discuss the significance of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplants.
Discuss the significance of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplants.
Describe a potential downside of long-term immunosuppressive drug use.
Describe a potential downside of long-term immunosuppressive drug use.
What is the most common type of hypersensitivity reaction associated with asthma?
What is the most common type of hypersensitivity reaction associated with asthma?
Explain the role of T-cells in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.
Explain the role of T-cells in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.
What pathological condition can arise from Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
What pathological condition can arise from Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
How does the classification of autoimmune diseases enhance therapeutic approaches?
How does the classification of autoimmune diseases enhance therapeutic approaches?
What are opportunistic infections and why are they a concern in immunocompromised patients?
What are opportunistic infections and why are they a concern in immunocompromised patients?
Identify a key feature of rheumatoid arthritis in terms of immune response.
Identify a key feature of rheumatoid arthritis in terms of immune response.
What is the primary mechanism of action of immunosuppressants?
What is the primary mechanism of action of immunosuppressants?
Explain how blood tests can assist in diagnosing autoimmune diseases.
Explain how blood tests can assist in diagnosing autoimmune diseases.
How does the timing of symptoms manifest in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
How does the timing of symptoms manifest in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What underlying mechanism leads to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
What underlying mechanism leads to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Flashcards
Secondary Immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency
An immunodeficiency that develops later in life, not present from birth.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
A disease caused by HIV, significantly weakening the immune system.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
The virus that causes AIDS, significantly impacting the immune system.
Congenital Immunodeficiency
Congenital Immunodeficiency
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B-cell deficiencies
B-cell deficiencies
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
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Primary Immunodeficiency
Primary Immunodeficiency
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B lymphocytes (B cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
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DiGeorge Syndrome
DiGeorge Syndrome
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Complement deficiencies
Complement deficiencies
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Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
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Complement system
Complement system
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C3 deficiency
C3 deficiency
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T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
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Phagocytic deficiencies
Phagocytic deficiencies
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Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
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Combined T- and B-cell deficiencies
Combined T- and B-cell deficiencies
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
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Humoral response
Humoral response
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Cell-mediated response
Cell-mediated response
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Phagocytes
Phagocytes
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Adaptive immune system
Adaptive immune system
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Clinical Latency
Clinical Latency
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CD4+ T Helper Cell Count
CD4+ T Helper Cell Count
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Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic Infections
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Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
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HAART
HAART
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Drug Resistance
Drug Resistance
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HIV Progression to AIDS
HIV Progression to AIDS
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Untreated AIDS
Untreated AIDS
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Type III Hypersensitivity
Type III Hypersensitivity
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Serum Sickness
Serum Sickness
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What are the key players in Type IV hypersensitivity?
What are the key players in Type IV hypersensitivity?
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
Type IV Hypersensitivity
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What is unique about Type IV hypersensitivity?
What is unique about Type IV hypersensitivity?
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Universal Donor
Universal Donor
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Universal Recipient
Universal Recipient
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Antitoxins
Antitoxins
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Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy
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Crohn's Disease
Crohn's Disease
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Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD)
Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD)
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Cytokines
Cytokines
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Helper T-cells
Helper T-cells
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Cytotoxic T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
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What causes the inflammation and discomfort in IBD?
What causes the inflammation and discomfort in IBD?
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Immunosuppressive Drug Types
Immunosuppressive Drug Types
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Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
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Immunophilins
Immunophilins
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Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine
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Lymphocyte-depleting Therapies
Lymphocyte-depleting Therapies
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Cytotoxic Drugs
Cytotoxic Drugs
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Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide
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Side Effects of Immunosuppressive Drugs
Side Effects of Immunosuppressive Drugs
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What causes the inflammation in IBD?
What causes the inflammation in IBD?
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Asthma Attack
Asthma Attack
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IgE
IgE
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What causes asthma flare-ups?
What causes asthma flare-ups?
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How does IgE cause an asthma attack?
How does IgE cause an asthma attack?
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Why is asthma difficult to cure?
Why is asthma difficult to cure?
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What is the role of B cells in asthma?
What is the role of B cells in asthma?
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What are the effects of mast cell degranulation?
What are the effects of mast cell degranulation?
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Abdominal pain after a large meal
Abdominal pain after a large meal
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Joint stiffness and pain
Joint stiffness and pain
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Relapsing pain
Relapsing pain
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Fever (not associated with a cold)
Fever (not associated with a cold)
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Loose and bloody stool
Loose and bloody stool
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Tender abdomen
Tender abdomen
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Oral ulcers
Oral ulcers
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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Encapsulated bacteria
Encapsulated bacteria
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HIV Mode of Transmission
HIV Mode of Transmission
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Non-malignant Granulomas
Non-malignant Granulomas
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What is the main characteristic of AIDS victims?
What is the main characteristic of AIDS victims?
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Why do many AIDS patients die from opportunistic infections?
Why do many AIDS patients die from opportunistic infections?
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HIV Infection Stages: Primary Infection
HIV Infection Stages: Primary Infection
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HIV Infection Stages: Acute Infection
HIV Infection Stages: Acute Infection
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HIV Infection Stages: Clinical Latency
HIV Infection Stages: Clinical Latency
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What are the major modes of HIV transmission globally?
What are the major modes of HIV transmission globally?
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How does HIV affect CD4+ T cells?
How does HIV affect CD4+ T cells?
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Why is HIV treatment important?
Why is HIV treatment important?
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What are opportunistic infections?
What are opportunistic infections?
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Why initial HIV test negative?
Why initial HIV test negative?
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What is the 'window period'?
What is the 'window period'?
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What immune cell does HIV target?
What immune cell does HIV target?
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Immune response to HIV?
Immune response to HIV?
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Early immune response to HIV
Early immune response to HIV
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CD4+ T-cell count
CD4+ T-cell count
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HIV and immune system
HIV and immune system
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What is an opportunistic infection?
What is an opportunistic infection?
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Latent Infection
Latent Infection
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What are some common pathogens associated with latent infections?
What are some common pathogens associated with latent infections?
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What is PCP?
What is PCP?
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What is Cryptococcal disease?
What is Cryptococcal disease?
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What is candidiasis?
What is candidiasis?
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What is toxoplasmosis?
What is toxoplasmosis?
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What is MAC?
What is MAC?
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Innate Immune System
Innate Immune System
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Humoral Immune Response
Humoral Immune Response
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Cell-mediated Immune Response
Cell-mediated Immune Response
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Immune Synapse
Immune Synapse
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John's Asthma
John's Asthma
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John's Allergic Response
John's Allergic Response
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Albuterol's Role
Albuterol's Role
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Corticosteroids for Asthma
Corticosteroids for Asthma
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Antihistamines for Allergies
Antihistamines for Allergies
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John's Chronic Cough
John's Chronic Cough
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Asthma Triggers
Asthma Triggers
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Immunosuppressive Drugs
Immunosuppressive Drugs
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Nephrotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
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Hirsutism
Hirsutism
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Gingival Hyperplasia
Gingival Hyperplasia
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T-cell Deficiency
T-cell Deficiency
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What triggers a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
What triggers a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
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What happens during a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
What happens during a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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What are the characteristic features of Type I Hypersensitivity?
What are the characteristic features of Type I Hypersensitivity?
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Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity
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Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity
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Immunosuppressant
Immunosuppressant
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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
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AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
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Autoimmune Disease
Autoimmune Disease
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Prevalence of Autoimmune Diseases
Prevalence of Autoimmune Diseases
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What is AIDS?
What is AIDS?
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AGPAR Score
AGPAR Score
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Asthma
Asthma
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What are some common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients?
What are some common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients?
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Why are opportunistic infections a concern for AIDS patients?
Why are opportunistic infections a concern for AIDS patients?
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Study Notes
Module 4: Adverse Reactions and Immune Defects
- This course is designed for interaction with online modules
- The Module Companion Guide complements the online slides
- Refer to the online module if there are discrepancies between the guide and the slides
- Do not distribute the Module Companion Guide to students not enrolled in MICR 270
- This is a violation of Queen's University's Academic Integrity Policy
- Students found in violation may face sanctions
Table of Contents (Module 4 Companion Guide)
- Introduction (includes Course Toolbox, Learning Outcomes, Module Assignments)
- Journal Article Assignment
- Scientific Poster Assignment
- Module Outline
- Section 1: Immunodeficiency
- Immunodeficiency
- Classification of Primary Immunodeficiencies
- Secondary Immunodeficiency: The Case of HIV/AIDS (mode of transmission, immune response, antiretroviral therapy)
- Questions: Primary Immunodeficiencies, Testing the Immune Response
- Blood Test Results, Interpreting Negative Results, Clinical History and Initial Examination,
- Screening Techniques, Complete Blood Counts, Infection vs. Immunodeficiency
- Section 2: Autoimmunity
- Autoimmunity
- Classification of Autoimmune Diseases (Organ-Specific and Systemic)
- Graves Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Immunosuppressants and Organ Transplants, Impact of Immunosuppression on the Host, opportunistic infections
- Section 3: Hypersensitivity
- Classification of Hypersensitivities (Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV)
- Hypersensitivity - Patient Case #1 (Test Results, Diagnosis)
- Questions relating to Hypersensitivity and Patient Cases
- Conclusion
- Module Summary
- Concept Map: List of Immunology Terminology
- Learning Outcomes
- Module Assignments
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Description
Test your knowledge on adverse reactions and immune defects in Module 4 of MICR 270. This quiz covers topics such as immunodeficiency, its classifications, and HIV/AIDS. Ensure you understand the material thoroughly as it aligns with the course's learning outcomes and assignments.
