C21 - Basal Ganglia

The precise connections between the cerebellum and the brainstem are clearly depicted in the provided context.

Basal ganglia input and output is exclusively to the spinal cord.

The frontal eye fields (FEF, SEF) are primarily associated with the limbic cortical regions.

Motor areas in the frontal lobe include the primary motor area M2, the Supplementary Motor Area, and the ventral premotor area.

In a social context, dopamine facilitates the execution of actions that may be considered socially inadequate.

When a monkey receives an unexpected reward, dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra show a decrease in firing rate.

In macaques, there is no clear distinction between the dorsal and ventral premotor areas in their cortex.

With a familiar reward, dopamine neurons show a substantial increase in activity.

The arcuate sulcus in macaques separates the premotor cortex from the frontal eye fields.

The anterior cingulate area and the orbitofrontal cortex are highly visible on the convexity of the frontal lobe.

Free rewards strongly excite the substantia nigra when the associated behaviour has not yet been learned.

The basal ganglia's function of action selection is perfectly understood due to a clear understanding of the loop between basal ganglia and cortex.

The main source of dopamine projections is the cerebellum.

Cerebellar afferents mainly originate from the motor cortex, while the basal ganglia afferents come from various cortical regions.

The efferents of the cerebullum project to all motor areas, as well many other brainstem areas.

The cerebellum has limited somatosensory connections, while basal ganglia have large amounts of connections with the spinal cord.

The direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia are only active when dopaminergic signaling is absent.

Dopamine determines the balance output between the direct and the indirect pathways of the basal ganglia.

The basal ganglia, in conjunction with the cerebellum, primarily manage motor functions, with some secondary cognitive influence.

The basal ganglia are defined by their location within the gray matter of the telencephalon.

The basal ganglia system is composed solely of the globus pallidus, putamen, and striatum.

The substantia nigra has two components, the pars compacta and the pars reticularis, which perform similar functions within the basal ganglia system.

The cortex serves as the exclusive origin point of the basal ganglia system.

Research on basal ganglia function predominantly relies on studies of healthy animal models, similar to the cerebellum.

Damage to the basal ganglia consistently leads to a specific deficit, such as a loss of speed, similar to cerebellar damage.

Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, while distinct pathologies, both relate to the presence of excess movement due to basal ganglia issues.

The basal ganglia are primarily involved in regulating the overall excitability of the sensory system.

Both the red nucleus and substantia nigra have magnocellularis and parvocellularis portions that perform the exact same tasks.

Dyskinesia is a type of movement disorder characterized by a gain of function in the basal ganglia.

Akinesia indicates an excessive gain of movement due to overactivity in the basal ganglia.

The cerebellum is solely responsible for timing actions related to motor functions and has no involvement in cognitive functions.

Patients with basal ganglia lesions frequently develop neuropsychiatric disorders due to the strong link between the basal ganglia and the prefrontal cortex.

The functions of the basal ganglia are well understood and clearly defined within neurological research.

The direct pathway in the basal ganglia is responsible for inhibitory functions.

The internal globus pallidus is the only station in both the direct and indirect pathways.

The afferent inputs to the striatum come solely from the occipital lobe.

The indirect pathway has a simpler structure compared to the direct pathway.

The subthalamic nucleus exerts an excitatory effect on the internal globus pallidus.

Different portions of the cortex project to the same portions of the basal ganglia.

The motor and somatosensory cortices project to the anterior caudate.

The basal ganglia receive input from structures other than the cortex.

The direct pathway has a target that involves the thalamus.

The brain only requires one pathway for modulation, hence it does not employ both direct and indirect pathways.