NA11- Basal Ganglia

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Questions and Answers

The basal ganglia continuously send feedback to the cortex to ensure the correct sequence of movements is being performed.

True (A)

The basal ganglia verify if the ongoing motor act matches the stored pattern for that specific act.

True (A)

The basal ganglia only receive input from the cerebral cortex during motor act execution.

False (B)

Information from the basal ganglia can modify the motor final common pathway, even before the activation of motoneurons.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basal ganglia can't influence movements that are not stored in the memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basal ganglia receive information from the motor and sensory cortex, but not from other brain nuclei.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basal ganglia exclusively control the activation of motoneurons in the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The information delivered to the basal ganglia is solely used to confirm the accuracy of the performed movement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basal ganglia only play a role in motor control, not in other cognitive functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The influence of the basal ganglia on the motor act is limited to the initial stages of the movement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dento-thalamo-cortical tract is primarily formed by the feedback from the cerebellum to the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The retrolentiform limb of the internal capsule primarily carries the acoustic ascending pathways.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arnold's bundle passes through the posterior limb of the internal capsule to correlate with the temporal lobe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corticospinal tract is located in the genu of the internal capsule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibres correlating to the parietal lobe travel through the anterior limb of the internal capsule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The claustrum is located medial to the putamen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amygdala is connected to the tail of the caudate nucleus and the fornix.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lentiform nucleus is positioned posterior to the thalamus in an anteroposterior orientation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The external capsule is thicker than the extreme capsule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The insular lobe is completely visible due to its superficial location.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The claustrum has no known anatomical relationships with surrounding structures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tail of the caudate turns inferiorly around the lentiform nucleus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The internal capsule has a longer anterior limb compared to the posterior limb.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genu of the internal capsule is located between the head of the caudate and the anterior portion of the thalamus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The optic radiation is contained within the anterior limb of the internal capsule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amygdala has a corticomedial region that is primarily connected to the olfactory bulb.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventrolateral region of the amygdala is associated exclusively with memory functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system has no role in the processing of unconscious information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The retrolentiform limb of the internal capsule emerges from the anterior aspect of the thalamus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thalamus participates in the regulation of emotional status within the limbic system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The caudate nucleus is entirely visible in a horizontal section viewed from a superior perspective.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The subthalamus does not send any information back to the corpus striatum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main efferent fibres from the substantia nigra project to the thalamus to communicate with the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corpus striatum receives input primarily from sensory areas of the cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pallidofugal fibres originate from the globus pallidus internus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The uncertain zone is a definitive region of the brain with well-understood functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventral anterior (VA) and ventrolateral (VL) are specific nuclei involved in thalamic projections.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serotonin pathways play no role in the integration of information at the level of the thalamus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information from the brainstem is integrated at the corpus striatum level.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ansa reticularis is formed by fibres passing superiorly to the subthalamus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thalamus and cortex communication is facilitated solely through nonspecific nuclei.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Claustrum

A thin layer of gray matter located lateral to the putamen.

External Capsule

A thin layer of white matter located lateral to the putamen and medial to the claustrum.

Insular Lobe

A deep lobe of the brain with short and long gyri, partially covered by the opercle.

Corpus Striatum

A term encompassing structures like the caudate nucleus and putamen, involved in motor control.

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Fornix

A white matter structure connecting the hypothalamus to the amygdala, with anterior columns and posterior limbs.

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Amygdala

A spherical brain structure involved in emotion, connected to the caudate nucleus and the fornix.

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Internal Capsule

A larger structure than the extreme and external capsule, comprising white matter that carries information.

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Anterior Limb

The short segment of the internal capsule between the caudate and putamen.

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Genu

The bend in the internal capsule between the anterior limb and the posterior limb.

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Posterior Limb

The longer segment of the internal capsule between the putamen and thalamus.

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Optic Radiation

Pathway in the internal capsule carrying visual information to the visual cortex.

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Corticomedial Region

External part of the amygdala involved in olfactory processing.

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Limbic System

A complex of brain structures controlling emotions, behavior, and short-term memory.

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Ventrolateral Region

Part of the amygdala, involved in emotional regulation and memory storage.

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Substantia Nigra

A nucleus in the midbrain involved in movement regulation.

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Efferent Fibres

Nerve fibers that transmit signals away from the brain to different areas.

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Thalamus

Brain structure that relays information to the cortex from the substantia nigra.

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Globus Pallidus Internus

The part of the globus pallidus that provides output to the thalamus.

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Pallidofugal Fibres

Nerve fibers that carry output from the corpus striatum to the thalamus.

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Ansa Reticularis

Trajectory of fibers that pass inferiorly from the internal capsule to the thalamus.

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Fasciculus Lenticularis

Pathway that passes superiorly to the subthalamus to reach the thalamus.

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Subthalamus

A structure that responds to the corpus striatum and contributes to movement control.

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Intralaminar Nuclei

Non-specific nuclei in the thalamus involved in widespread cortical output.

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Dento-thalamo-cortical tract

The pathway through which information is relayed from the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum to the cortex via the thalamus.

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Pyramidal system

The part of the motor system that conveys voluntary movements from the brain to the spinal cord.

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Correlation system

A network that integrates information from different brain areas, especially involving the cerebellum.

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Retrolentiform limb

A section of the internal capsule that carries visual information from the lateral geniculate body to the cortex.

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Basal Ganglia Feedback

A mechanism where the basal ganglia provide continuous feedback to the cortex to refine motor actions.

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Motor Act Memorization

The process of memorizing the sequence of movements required for a specific motor act.

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Pattern Matching in Movement

The evaluation process that checks if the current motor act matches the learned pattern.

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Cortex Role in Movement

The cortex sends information to the motor system to control movements with precision.

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Extrapyramidal Tracts

Neural pathways originating in the brainstem responsible for posture and movement regulation.

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Motor Final Common Pathway

The route that motor signals take to reach motoneurons for muscle activation.

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Interneurons' Role

Interneurons modulate signals before the motoneurons are activated.

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Signal Synchronization Verification

The process of verifying if the current signal can be applied from previous movements.

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Cortex and Feedback Systems

The system where the cortex receives and sends out information for motor control and feedback.

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Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei

Nuclear structures that receive information and send signals to the muscles via cranial nerves.

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Study Notes

Basal Ganglia

  • Basal ganglia are nuclei located deep within the cerebrum's white matter, involved in controlling, selecting, behaving, timing, and planning movements.
  • Anatomically divided into: corpus striatum, amygdaloid body, and claustrum.
  • Corpus striatum is vital for voluntary movement control. It's involved in planning, preparing, and learning movements.
  • Caudate nucleus is part of the corpus striatum.
  • Lentiform nucleus is part of the corpus striatum and is further divided into globus pallidus and putamen.
  • The amygdaloid body (amygdala) is part of the limbic system, influencing emotions, visceral functions, and memory storage.
  • The claustrum, whose function is not yet fully understood, seems involved in complex processing and is thought to be a relay nucleus influencing signals like visual information.
  • The thalamus is located medial to the corpus striatum and is a crucial relay station for sensory information to the cortex.
  • The internal capsule is a crucial white matter structure for passing ascending and descending signals and correlating system connections to the cortex.
  • Short loop connections between the globus pallidus and thalamic nuclei involve the subthalamus and the Forel's fields.

Limbic System

  • The limbic system, within the telencephalon, influences emotions, behaviors, and memory processing.
  • Comprises structures like: limbic lobe (dentate, parahippocampal, and cingulate gyri), hippocampus, amygdala, and fornix.
  • It is involved in emotional status and behavior, unconscious information processing, and short-term memory.
  • Hypothalamus is also part of this system helping manage homeostasis.

Corpus Striatum

  • It's referred to as the "neostriatum" and contains the caudate nucleus and putamen .
  • It receives information from the cerebral cortex and other brain regions and involves the processing of movement information.
  • Globus pallidus, being the paleostriatum, is involved as the output.
  • Main afferents come from the cerebral cortex (mainly motor areas) and some sensory areas.
  • It connects with the substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei in complex circuits, which modulate the information between the cortex and the thalamus.
  • Substantia nigra is part of the midbrain, yet it is functionally involved with the basal ganglia circuits.

Basal Ganglia Pathways

  • Information from the cortex is relayed to the neostriatum (caudate/putamen) for processing.
  • Output from the globus pallidus (both internal and external portions) and substantia nigra influence the thalamus.
  • The thalamus then relays the processed information back to the cortex, impacting motor control and other cognitive functions.
  • Circuits involve the subthalamus as an intermediary.

Movement Control Mechanisms

  • The cortex initiates motor commands, and these are refined and modulated by the basal ganglia and other structures before reaching the motor neurons.
  • The basal ganglia contribute to the accuracy and precision of movements, as well as in creating and storing movement sequences.

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