Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of bacteria have two membranes?
What type of bacteria have two membranes?
What can protect the bacteria when they shed antibiotics and act as a 'decoy' when antigens are shed?
What can protect the bacteria when they shed antibiotics and act as a 'decoy' when antigens are shed?
Which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan wall?
Which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan wall?
What can facilitate infection when they contain virulence factors, DNA, RNA, immunomodulatory factors, and adhesins?
What can facilitate infection when they contain virulence factors, DNA, RNA, immunomodulatory factors, and adhesins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major global threat according to the text?
What is a major global threat according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What must be understood to develop new therapeutic strategies?
What must be understood to develop new therapeutic strategies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is difficult to get into bacteria that may kill them?
What is difficult to get into bacteria that may kill them?
Signup and view all the answers
What will immune cells try to kill and be busy with, according to the text?
What will immune cells try to kill and be busy with, according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What contains transporters and secretion machinery?
What contains transporters and secretion machinery?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterial secretion system can transfer DNA and proteins?
Which bacterial secretion system can transfer DNA and proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bacteria can inject proteins across the plasma membrane and/or phagosomal membrane?
Which type of bacteria can inject proteins across the plasma membrane and/or phagosomal membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells work to clear bacteria and develop immunity?
Which cells work to clear bacteria and develop immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is involved in presenting peptides from pathogens to T-cells?
What is involved in presenting peptides from pathogens to T-cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism induces specific engulfment of bacterial cells during phagocytosis?
Which mechanism induces specific engulfment of bacterial cells during phagocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What drives engulfment during phagocytosis?
What drives engulfment during phagocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What do Type II secretion systems secrete?
What do Type II secretion systems secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of Type III secretion system effector proteins?
What is the function of Type III secretion system effector proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of bacteria are secretion systems less well understood?
In which type of bacteria are secretion systems less well understood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells have slower degradation processes during bacterial clearance?
Which cells have slower degradation processes during bacterial clearance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterial effectors alter retromer and Mannose-6 phosphate transport to prevent a compartment from becoming hydrolytic?
Which bacterial effectors alter retromer and Mannose-6 phosphate transport to prevent a compartment from becoming hydrolytic?
Signup and view all the answers
What drives bacterial movement through the cytosol?
What drives bacterial movement through the cytosol?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterial lifestyle involves replicating within their own specialized vacuolar compartment?
Which bacterial lifestyle involves replicating within their own specialized vacuolar compartment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the preferred form of cell death from the point of view of bacteria, very inflammatory and involves membrane rupture?
What is the preferred form of cell death from the point of view of bacteria, very inflammatory and involves membrane rupture?
Signup and view all the answers
Which proteins sense damaged membrane and target them for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
Which proteins sense damaged membrane and target them for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterial effectors act as an “R-SNARE” and recruit early endosomal SNAREs Syntaxins 8, 7 and 13?
Which bacterial effectors act as an “R-SNARE” and recruit early endosomal SNAREs Syntaxins 8, 7 and 13?
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates recruitment of actin polymerization machinery in bacterial cells?
What initiates recruitment of actin polymerization machinery in bacterial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What do glycans recruit to sense damaged membrane and target it for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
What do glycans recruit to sense damaged membrane and target it for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
Signup and view all the answers
What form of death involves loss of ATP, membrane rupture, and is inflammatory?
What form of death involves loss of ATP, membrane rupture, and is inflammatory?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Bacterial Secretion Systems and Host Cell Interactions
- Bacteria use secretion systems to obtain nutrients, communicate, and facilitate disease through the delivery of virulence factors.
- 11 secretion systems have been discovered to date, capable of transporting virulence factors to the cytosol or directly inserting into the cell wall.
- Gram-negative bacteria can inject proteins across the plasma membrane and/or phagosomal membrane, with the Sec and Tat transport machinery being the oldest and found in all kingdoms.
- Type II secretion system secretes toxins and small molecules, disabling host protein synthesis and leading to lethal infection.
- Type III secretion system secretes effector proteins and shares similarity to components with flagellar apparatus, with effectors varying widely in function.
- Type IV secretion system can transfer DNA and proteins, while Type V/VI translocate portions of themselves.
- Secretion systems in Gram-positive bacteria are not as well understood as in Gram-negative bacteria, with many proteins remaining within the cell wall and facilitating bacterial binding to the host surface.
- Professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, work to clear bacteria and develop immunity, with dendritic cells having slower degradation processes.
- MHC Class I and II are involved in presenting peptides from pathogens to T-cells, activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for antibody production and cytotoxicity, respectively.
- Bacterial infection by phagocytosis involves two processes: Zipper and Trigger mechanisms, inducing specific engulfment of bacterial cells.
- Signaling by bacteria induces phosphatidylinositol (PIP) changes that drive engulfment, with PIPs reinforcing the recruitment and activation of actin remodeling machinery.
- Secreted effector proteins can be modified by the host and interfere with cell function, often requiring activation by host machinery.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge about the bacterial secretion systems and their interactions with host cells. Learn about the mechanisms of protein secretion, bacterial infection by phagocytosis, and the role of professional phagocytic cells in immunity.
