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Questions and Answers
What type of bacteria have two membranes?
What type of bacteria have two membranes?
- Klebsiella pneumoniae (correct)
- Vibrio cholerae
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Staphylococcus aureus
What can protect the bacteria when they shed antibiotics and act as a 'decoy' when antigens are shed?
What can protect the bacteria when they shed antibiotics and act as a 'decoy' when antigens are shed?
- Clathrin
- Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) (correct)
- Caveolin
- Lipid Raft
Which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan wall?
Which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan wall?
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Staphylococcus aureus (correct)
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Vibrio cholerae
What can facilitate infection when they contain virulence factors, DNA, RNA, immunomodulatory factors, and adhesins?
What can facilitate infection when they contain virulence factors, DNA, RNA, immunomodulatory factors, and adhesins?
What is a major global threat according to the text?
What is a major global threat according to the text?
What must be understood to develop new therapeutic strategies?
What must be understood to develop new therapeutic strategies?
What is difficult to get into bacteria that may kill them?
What is difficult to get into bacteria that may kill them?
What will immune cells try to kill and be busy with, according to the text?
What will immune cells try to kill and be busy with, according to the text?
What contains transporters and secretion machinery?
What contains transporters and secretion machinery?
Which bacterial secretion system can transfer DNA and proteins?
Which bacterial secretion system can transfer DNA and proteins?
Which type of bacteria can inject proteins across the plasma membrane and/or phagosomal membrane?
Which type of bacteria can inject proteins across the plasma membrane and/or phagosomal membrane?
Which cells work to clear bacteria and develop immunity?
Which cells work to clear bacteria and develop immunity?
What is involved in presenting peptides from pathogens to T-cells?
What is involved in presenting peptides from pathogens to T-cells?
Which mechanism induces specific engulfment of bacterial cells during phagocytosis?
Which mechanism induces specific engulfment of bacterial cells during phagocytosis?
What drives engulfment during phagocytosis?
What drives engulfment during phagocytosis?
What do Type II secretion systems secrete?
What do Type II secretion systems secrete?
What is the function of Type III secretion system effector proteins?
What is the function of Type III secretion system effector proteins?
In which type of bacteria are secretion systems less well understood?
In which type of bacteria are secretion systems less well understood?
Which cells have slower degradation processes during bacterial clearance?
Which cells have slower degradation processes during bacterial clearance?
Which bacterial effectors alter retromer and Mannose-6 phosphate transport to prevent a compartment from becoming hydrolytic?
Which bacterial effectors alter retromer and Mannose-6 phosphate transport to prevent a compartment from becoming hydrolytic?
What drives bacterial movement through the cytosol?
What drives bacterial movement through the cytosol?
Which bacterial lifestyle involves replicating within their own specialized vacuolar compartment?
Which bacterial lifestyle involves replicating within their own specialized vacuolar compartment?
What is the preferred form of cell death from the point of view of bacteria, very inflammatory and involves membrane rupture?
What is the preferred form of cell death from the point of view of bacteria, very inflammatory and involves membrane rupture?
Which proteins sense damaged membrane and target them for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
Which proteins sense damaged membrane and target them for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
Which bacterial effectors act as an “R-SNARE” and recruit early endosomal SNAREs Syntaxins 8, 7 and 13?
Which bacterial effectors act as an “R-SNARE” and recruit early endosomal SNAREs Syntaxins 8, 7 and 13?
What initiates recruitment of actin polymerization machinery in bacterial cells?
What initiates recruitment of actin polymerization machinery in bacterial cells?
What do glycans recruit to sense damaged membrane and target it for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
What do glycans recruit to sense damaged membrane and target it for degradation through an autophagic mechanism?
What form of death involves loss of ATP, membrane rupture, and is inflammatory?
What form of death involves loss of ATP, membrane rupture, and is inflammatory?
Study Notes
Bacterial Secretion Systems and Host Cell Interactions
- Bacteria use secretion systems to obtain nutrients, communicate, and facilitate disease through the delivery of virulence factors.
- 11 secretion systems have been discovered to date, capable of transporting virulence factors to the cytosol or directly inserting into the cell wall.
- Gram-negative bacteria can inject proteins across the plasma membrane and/or phagosomal membrane, with the Sec and Tat transport machinery being the oldest and found in all kingdoms.
- Type II secretion system secretes toxins and small molecules, disabling host protein synthesis and leading to lethal infection.
- Type III secretion system secretes effector proteins and shares similarity to components with flagellar apparatus, with effectors varying widely in function.
- Type IV secretion system can transfer DNA and proteins, while Type V/VI translocate portions of themselves.
- Secretion systems in Gram-positive bacteria are not as well understood as in Gram-negative bacteria, with many proteins remaining within the cell wall and facilitating bacterial binding to the host surface.
- Professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, work to clear bacteria and develop immunity, with dendritic cells having slower degradation processes.
- MHC Class I and II are involved in presenting peptides from pathogens to T-cells, activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for antibody production and cytotoxicity, respectively.
- Bacterial infection by phagocytosis involves two processes: Zipper and Trigger mechanisms, inducing specific engulfment of bacterial cells.
- Signaling by bacteria induces phosphatidylinositol (PIP) changes that drive engulfment, with PIPs reinforcing the recruitment and activation of actin remodeling machinery.
- Secreted effector proteins can be modified by the host and interfere with cell function, often requiring activation by host machinery.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the bacterial secretion systems and their interactions with host cells. Learn about the mechanisms of protein secretion, bacterial infection by phagocytosis, and the role of professional phagocytic cells in immunity.
