Coccidioidomycosis Biology and Immune Response

What is the primary function of membrane proteins in viral attachment?

To facilitate the release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm
To catalyze the replication of viral proteins
To transcribe viral mRNA into host cell DNA
To recognize and bind to specific receptors on the host cell surface (correct)

What type of viruses are endocytosed upon receptor binding and transported along cytoskeletal filaments?

DNA viruses
Enveloped viruses
Non-enveloped viruses (correct)
RNA viruses

What triggers the disassembly of the viral capsid during uncoating?

Endosomal pH changes (correct)
Cytoskeletal filament transport
Viral protein synthesis
Receptor binding

What is the primary function of the first viral proteins synthesized during replication?

To catalyze the replication of viral proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of folding patterns or internal ribosome entry sites facilitate the encoding of multiple proteins by viral mRNA?

Both specific folding patterns and internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the uncoating process during viral infection?

The release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proteoglycans in viral attachment?

To serve as a receptor for viral attachment (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses?

The mechanism of genome release into the host cytoplasm (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of newborns are affected by oropharyngeal candidiasis?

5% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of oropharyngeal candidiasis?

Burning sensation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the infection that occurs underneath the nails, causing them to weaken and produce too much nail debris?

Chronic Candida Onychomycosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of macroscopic appearance of Candida?

Raised, cream-colored, opaque, and 1-2 mm (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the infection that occurs in the fingernails, especially around the cuticle area?

Paronychia (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with cutaneous candidiasis?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the medium used to differentiate Candida species?

Chromagar Candida (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the infection that occurs in the folds of skin, such as the axillary area, groin, and submammary folds?

Intertrigo (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages in the initial host defenses against Coccidioidomycosis?

To inactivate conidia and induce robust immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the morphology of the hyphae of Coccidioides spp.?

Septate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when arthroconidia are inhaled by a susceptible host?

They settle into the lungs and transform into spherules (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of arthroconidia?

2-4 um in diameter (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a spherule ruptures?

The endospores are released and disseminate within surrounding tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii?

Coccidioides immitis = “California” spp. and Coccidioides posadasii = “Non-California” spp. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of endospores in the life cycle of Coccidioides spp.?

To develop into new spherules (B) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the morphologic change from arthroconidia to spherules?

Change in environment (37°C) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment is introduced when covering the cut portion with a coverslip?

Microaerophilic environment (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature and duration are the agar plates incubated?

25-30°C for 24-48 hours (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the GERM TUBE?

Hypha-like extension with no constriction at the point of origin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primarily infected site in Cryptococcal meningitis?

Brain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of Cryptococcosis?

Dermatitis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Cryptococcus spp.?

Inhalation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of C.albicans?

Spherical clusters at regular intervals on pseudohyphae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the etiologic agent primarily present in soil contaminated with bird droppings?

C.neoformans (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sheep's RBCs coated with antibodies in the coccidioidin antigen test?

To lyse in the presence of complement (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for mild, self-limiting cases of coccidioidomycosis?

Supportive care (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of infection for histoplasmosis?

Bird droppings (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical progression of histoplasmosis?

Chronic granulomatous infection that begins in the lungs and may disseminate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical manifestation of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis?

Mild symptoms that resemble tuberculosis (C) Signup and view all the answers